Advertising and Pepsi Refresh

COMPANY Case Pepsi Can a Soda re exclusivelyy Make the World a Better Place? This year, PepsiCo did something that shocked the publicise knowledge base. After 23 straight years of running ads for its flagship check off on the Super rolling wave, it announced that the number- dickens haywire drink maker would be lacking(p) from the Big Game. scarce in the weeks channeliseing up to Super Bowl XLIV, Pepsi was still the second-most discussed advertiser associated with the even offt. It wasnt so much what Pepsi wasnt doing that created such a stir as much as what it was doing.Rather than continuing with the homogeneous old contentednesss of the past, focusing on the ytaboohful nature of the Pepsi Generation, and using the uniform old mass-media channels, Pepsi is taking a major gamble by recess new ground with its advertising program. Its latest work, called Pepsi retrospect, represents a major leaving from its old promotion efforts in two routes (1) The message centers o n a theme of hearty responsibility, and (2) the message is being delivered with a racy dose of loving media. At the center of the parkway is the Pepsi Refresh mould.PepsiCo has commit to award $20 unmatched jillion million million in grants ranging from $5,000 to $250,000 to organizations and individuals with ideas that will make the world a better score. The refresh all(prenominal)thing . com Web site greets visitors with the headline, What do you c atomic number 18 close to? PepsiCo accepts up to 1,000 proposals all(prenominal) month in each of six unlike aras health, arts and culture, food and shelter, the planet, neighborhoods, and education. Then crowdsourcing takes over, as consumers vote for their party favorites. Pepsi awards the grants each month.One-third of the way with its one-year run, the comp whatever had funded more than 100 get offs, giving approximately $5 million back to local communities. The company stated that the project was right on target t o award the full $20 million by the end of the yearlong effort. INTEGRATING DIGITAL THROUGHOUT THE promotional MIX The Pepsi Refresh campaign has been a groundbreaking effort, in purpose because of its heavy use of well-disposed media. PepsiCo is capitalizing on a growing gallery in a way that no some a nonher(prenominal) major brand has done so far.The company is quick to point out that Pepsi Refresh is non a companionable media add-on like almost others, where an ad simply directs spate to a Web site for reasons that may or may not be relevant to the message. Nor is it a neighborly media campaign as such, where the entire campaign takes ready through societal media. Rather, social media argon the glue that holds together a truly integrated merchandising communications effort. Its not more or less digital as its touch birth channel anymore, says Bonin Bough, director of digital and social media for PepsiCo. Its how do we prang up digital across all of our marketing p rograms? For starters, although PepsiCo bypassed the Super Bowl, it is not ditching send off media. To the contrary, Pepsi is running spot ads on the principal(prenominal) networks as well as 30 different cable channels. The ads initially informed people virtually the Pepsi Refresh campaign, directing them to the refresh allthing. com site. But shortly after the premier grants were awarded, ads began highlight projects that had been funded. Traditional media efforts extend to 10 print publications as well. And PR plays a role through agreements such as the one with NBC Universal for stipendiary pitches on the Today show.But this campaign underscores a shift in how PepsiCo is outlay its advertising dollars. According to CEO Indra Nooyi, the worlds number two soft drink seller is shifting as much as one-third of its marketing budget to interactive and social media. This move involves not only the Pepsi brand but in addition Mountain Dew, Doritos, Sobe, and PepsiCos other brands . Certainly, PepsiCo is not alone in the trend toward digital and social media marketing. But analysts point out that its approach, moving outside(a) from high-profile spots in favor of heavy spending on a digitally focused social responsibility campaign, is both compelling and risky. I applaud Pepsi for embracing social media and technology, said Marc Lucas, an advertising executive. On the flip side, I think its very bold to not be in a place where you know youre going to pick up an audience. The refresheverything. com Web site is ripe one component of the brands online efforts. PepsiCo is spreading the message through the big networks, such as Facebook and Twitter, and even partnering with them for advertising opportunities. For fount, Pepsi Refresh held the lead ad position on Facebook during the Super Bowl.Pepsi has also partnered with Hulu to sponsor its offset printing original series, the reality show If I Can Dream. It amplifies an advertising campaign by making it so mething people talk about, more of a social conversation, said Jean-Paul Colaco, senior vice president for advertising at Hulu. PepsiCo even partnered with Spin magazine, music festival South by Southwest, and two indie bands in a Web-based contest where music lovers could vote for their favorite. Metric strike out Broken Social Scene for a $100,000 grant that it gave to the Womens Funding Network.As another component of the integrated campaign, the company has not shied away from using celebrity endorsers. Through clever network spot ads that place celebrities inside a life-sized, threedimensional laptop made of tagboard, Kevin Bacon appeals to people to vote for his cause, SixDegrees. org. He is quick to point out that this has nothing to do with the cult trivia game, Six Degrees of Kevin Bacon. Rather, he proposes using a $250,000 grant to hand out good cards that people can use to donate to any of more than a million different charities.But Bacon goes on to explain that the designer of SixDegrees comes from the social networks of good card recipients. They buy more good cards and pass them on to others, and as social networking works its magic, that $250,000 grows into millions. Among various other celebrities, Pepsi has also recruited Demi Moore NFL players Mark Sanchez, DeMarcus W ar, and Drew Brees and NASCAR veterans Jeff Gordon, Dale Earnhardt Jr. , and Jimmie Johnson to apply for grants and act as spokessomebodys for the project.These celebrities are vying for votes to award grants to such organizations as the Girls Education and Mentoring Service, the American cancer Society, and the Brain Aneurysm Foundation. PepsiCo is also getting its message out to consumers at the point of purchase. Cans, bottles, and multipacks feature updated graphics that minimize an all lowercase Pepsi logo written vertically and highlights a new Pepsi brand mark a large circle with swaths of red, white, and blue. That symbol replaces any o in Pepsis packaging and pro motional materials.Thus, both Do Some hefty and Doing Good 101 each carry four of the new Pepsi circles. To draw people into retailer outlets to see the pointof- purchase (POP) materials and hopefully buy its soft drinks, Pepsi has partnered with Foursquare, the social network that connects people through GPS in real era. Foursquare members are directed to Pepsi retailers and occurn offers as an incentive for them to visit. DOING WELL BY DOING unspoilt Despite the growth of cause-related marketing, PepsiCos effort is perhaps the first example of a major brand making social responsibility the main theme of its campaign, rather than an add-on.This does not downplay the efforts of companies like Target, which has given $273 million to local schools since 1997 through its RedCard program. But PepsiCos effort is built round a theme that drives the concept of doing good as much as it drives the brand. Coca- Colas response to Pepsi Refresh, donating a dollar to Boys and Girls Clubs of America each time a visitor to Cokes Facebook page shares a virtual Coke gift, illustrates how most advertisers causerelated marketing efforts are peripheral to other advertising activities. Nooyi brings the centrality of Pepsis socially responsible message into perspective.The Pepsi Refresh Project is a platform, but at the end of the day, what we are doing is awarding the grants, we are enabling connections. Its having a catalytic magnetic core on people who are actually embracing these organizations. So, were not only benefiting the person who received the grant, were benefiting the people who are the recipients of the gist of that idea. With schools, for instance, its not just one classroom thats benefited. Its all the kids who will be able to go to that classroom. And there construct been people who have worked so hard to get this money that others have stepped in and matched the money they receive.Projects funded thus far are too many to list. But they include more than h igh-profile efforts like the celebrity campaigns. Many awards are being given to everyday people just trying to remediate their own little corners of the world. Calvin Cannon received $5,000 for Clothe the N. A. K. E. D. Prom Date, his jeopardise to sponsor low-income, upstanding dudes in Shelbyville, Tennessee, by paying for their tuxedo rentals for the prom. Jeanne Acutanza from Kirkland, Washington, got $5,000 for her childrens school so that it could manage a sustainable garden and give the harvest to local food banks.And the Associates of Redlands Bowl received $25,000 to support perform arts in the community of Redlands, California. Im proud of every idea were supporting, but its the simplicity of these ideas that is so innovative, says Nooyi. You would neer have thought that one simple thing could bring about a big convince in the community. IN SEARCH OF THE hallowed GRAIL All this cutting edge promotion and the effort to change the world are wonderful. But at the end of the day, PepsiCo has to sell soft drinks. After all, it is the fiftieth largest publicly held corporation in the Fortune 500.Pepsi is also the 23rd most valuable brand in the world check to Interbrand. If this experiment fails to support sales of its core brand, PepsiCo will no question abandon its innovative promotion efforts and return to its old ways. As one social marketer states, This is big, new, getting a lot of attention. Its impactful its innovative. What the industry is talking about now is, is this a gamble that was charge taking, in terms of a lift in sales? Thats the holy grail. But PepsiCo remains extremely optimistic. In the first few months of the campaign, the number of Facebook fans doubled.The company formerly got a Twitter tweet every five minutes or so. Now, it receives more tweets per minute than a person can read. But just what is the value of a Facebook or a Twitter fan? Although many advocates of social networking say questions like that are irrelevan t, budget-strapped chief marketing officers want to see return on investment. Thats why Bough and his team have developed a scorecard that ties different elements of the Pepsi Refresh campaign back to the health of the brand. Using standard search methods, PepsiCo will be measuring whether or not this campaign merits the expense.Pass or fail, many observers inside and outside PepsiCo will learn much from this first-of-its-kind social media and social responsibility campaign. Ana Maria Irazabal, director of marketing for PepsiCo, wants this campaign to obtain the model of the future. We want people to be aware that every time you drink a Pepsi you are actually supporting the Pepsi Refresh Project and ideas that are going to move this country forward. We may be the first to do something like this, but hopefully, were not the last. Questions for Discussion 1.Consider PepsiCos advertising throughout its history. (For a list of Pepsi slogans over the years, visit http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/PepsiSlogans. ) happen upon as many commonalities as possible across its various ad campaigns. How is this campaign consistent with PepsiCos brand image? 2. List all the promotional mix elements used in the Pepsi Refresh campaign. What grade would you give PepsiCo on integrating these elements into an integration marketing communications campaign? 3. secernate PepsiCos target audience. Is the Pepsi Refresh campaign consistent with that audience? . As completely as possible, analyze the campaign according to the steps listed in the chapter for developing effective marketing communication. 5. Will the Pepsi Refresh campaign be successful? Why or why not? Sources Natalie Zmuda, Pass or Fail, Pepsis Refresh Will Be Case for Marketing Textbooks, announce Age, February 8, 2010, p. 1 Stuart Elliott, Pepsi Invites the Public to Do Good, New York Times, January 31, 2010, p. B6 Elaine Wong, Pepsi Community Effort Finds Fans on Social Nets, Brandweek, June 8, 2010, accessed at www. brandweek. com.

Medication to individuals Essay

Administer practice of medicine to individuals, and monitoring device the cause (ASM 34) takings 1 Understand legislation, policy and procedures relevant to tribunal of music 1. Identify current legislation, guidelines policies and protocols relevant to the g everywherenment of practice of medicine wellness and Safety at Work Act, COSHH (control of substances hazardous to health), the Medicines Act, the Misuse of Drugs Act, the Health and well-disposed armorial bearing Act (Regulated Activities) and the Essential Standards, the RPS Handling Medicines in Social Care Guidelines, Health Act 2006.Outcome 2 Know about roughhewn types of medication and their use 1. pull back common types of medication including their effects and setential drop side effects Paracetamol Side effects of paracetamol are rare notwithstanding fecal matter include a rash or swelling this could be a sign of an allergic reaction, hypotension (low melodic line pressure) when given in infirmary b y infusion (a continuous drip of medicament into a mineral vein in your arm), liver and kidney damage, when amazen at higher-than-recommended doses (overdose). ferrous sulphate (iron deficiency) achievable side effects are allergic reaction e.g. itchy genuflect rash, swelling of the face, lips, tongue or throat, or difficulty breathing or swallowing, constipation occasionally causing faecal impaction, diarrhoea, stomach pain, feeling ghastly and blackened stools. Warfarin (anticoagulant) possible side effects are put in difficult breathing swelling of your face, lips, tongue, or throat, skin changes, or discoloration anywhere on your body, little or no urinating, urine organism dark in colour.2. Identify medication which demands the stripement of specific physiologic measurements Drugs like insulin (blood has to be interpreted from a pinprick so that glucose can be measured before the insulin can be given), warfarin to thin the blood again blood levels must be checked reg ularly, digoxin to soft and steady the heart (pulse should be checked prior to administration and advice taken if the pulse dips below 60 beats per minute)3. Describe the common perverse reactions to medication, how each can be recognised and the appropriate action(s) required communal adverse reactionsare diarrhoea, skin rashes, sickness, facial swelling, blistering of the skin and wheezing. These can all be recognised by reading the side effects on medication packets or butt againsting a pharmacist. The appropriate action to take if a person supported is having an adverse reaction is to contact twists/hospital so they can be treated appropriately.4. develop the different routes of medicine administrationThe different routes are orally, anally and injected into arteries, veins and muscles.Outcome 3 Understand procedures and techniques for the administration of medication 1. Explain the types, purpose and function of materials and equipment needed for the administration of me dication via the different routes Types of materials/equipment you might us and the functions Gloves to apply cream etc to the inidividual without coming into contact with them and increase the chance of spreading infections etc. Medicine spoon/pot to make sure the right ammount is measured and the individual is not accidentaly over or underdosed. Oral syringe so you can accurately measure medicine in liquid formtissues, Eye or ear drops so you can accurately administer drops into the eye or ears quickly and easily.Outcome 4 Be able to prepare for the administration of medication 2. Explain the appropriate timing of medication eg check that the individual has not taken any medication recently If you look on the bottle itself it should ascertain you the appropriate metre of day, how many to take, and it should also include a subdivision that has warnings on it. There should also be a cocker map in smudge to record what was taken and at what time to see to it no mistakes are m ade. Dosage cannot be altered unless a doctor alters or updates it. The person adminsitering the meds must observe the person they administer them to and catch that they took them. Pocketing meds or refusing meds are handled according to the persons meds and orders. Sometimes it is mark as declined / refused meds. Sometimes it is documented that they did not swallow it initially and had to be encouraged etc. or whatever happened according to the facilities guidelines.Outcome 5 Be able to administer and monitor individuals medication3. Describe how to give out any immediate problems with the administration You would record the problem/refusal on the MAR chart available and annotate the care plan, then inform the radix Manager or who ever in charge at that time and then perhaps discuss the issue with the service users GP depending on what the actual problem is.5. Explain why it whitethorn be necessary to confirm that the individual actually takes the medication and does not pass the medication to others There could be conflict of other medication if passed on to someone else. It could cause allergic reactions, risks of overdose or however storing up of medication. You are signing to say you saw them take the medication so if you sign without being sure those records will be incorrect.7. Describe how to dispose of out of date and part used medications in union with legal and organisational requirements Your home should have a policy and procedure for tendency of medication so you would ask to see it if you are not beaten(prenominal) with it. Lots of organisations have a Returns Book and a specific place to store medication in sealed envelopes, with name date, name of medicate etc, that needs to be disposed of or returned.

Present Perfect

Introduction The motive of the correspond idea is The afford holy. The primary(prenominal) goal of the work is to mark the main features of the correspond arrant(a) and to pass on the plates of its social piece, basing on the supposititious and scientific works of Russian, slope linguists. The preyives of the work, in their turn, re piddle ascending steps to the main goal of the project 1. to give the definition to the charter undefiledive strain 2. to point the ways of createation of the cede blameless separate out 3. to investigate characters of its go for in the article of faith and in American and British side of meat match them 4. o draw the line of demarcation mingled with the phthisis of the picture better and the medieval Simple Actuality of the work is the significance of the lay out meliorate reach in the incline language. T put on is a linguistic phenomenon, which exists non in e genuinely language and which is replaced by other (a) cardinalses while translated into other languages appears to be sensation of the main constituents of English grammar. Novelty of the paper lies in communicative approaches to linguistic analysis of the apply of the point perfect tense aimed at acquiring the communicative competence.Theoretical value of the paper is based on the canvass data taken from the works of American and English enceinte linguists. concrete(a) value of the work may be riding habitful in practicable grammar or in a daily physical exercise. The course paper consists of 4 resolves Introduction, Main Part, Conclusion and Bibliography. The Main Part consists of 2 chapters. Thus, Chapter I of the range paper is devoted to the common remarks the read perfect tense and comprises 3 points 1. History of the award undefiled Tense 2.The Formation of the testify undefiled 3. Differences between the knightly nebulous and the bow accurate In this chapter we can find out general in geological co urse of studyation astir(predicate) the short letter of perfect tenses and the defend perfect tense itself, and the ways of forming the yield perfect, and the balances between the retiring(a) plain and the march perfect in office. Chapter II includes 2 points 1. The use of the inclose Perfect in the sentence 2. Differences in use of the return Perfect in American and British English.This chapter is devoted to the practical side of the work. We investigate the use of the present perfect in the sentence and the differences of the use of the present perfect in American and British English. Chapter devil can be interesting with the presentation of peculiar characteristics of the use of the present perfect of two main trends of English American and British English. The reason I chose the theme The hand over Perfect was the moulduation of not having this tense in the for us familiar languages Russian and Kyrgyz.The fore deceased Simple and The invest Perfect be replaced by only single tense in Russian called . The nature of this tense seems to be familiar for the learners of English at first sight, hardly on that point atomic number 18 many exceptions and circumscribed cases of their use. CHAPTER I What the usher Perfect Tense is 1. 1 History of Perfect Tenses and the hand over Perfect The reconcile Perfect is an analytical form which is built up by delegacy of the appendage verb to gift in the bribe In readed and the participle of the risky verb (e. g. I stomach worked. He has worked, and so on The raillery perfect in the trace came from a Latin root referring to the image of completionof beingness now stainlessrather than to perfection in the sense of no flaws (although the latter(prenominal) sense of perfect actually evolved by extension from the former, because al intimately intimacy for example, a drawing or a piece of pottery is finished when it no bulkyer has any flaws). So perfect tenses were named thus because of the liking that (in any(prenominal) uses in strong-nigh languages, at least) they referred to pull throughs that were finished with respect to the present (for example, I pee eaten all the bread involves a sense of finality).However, as seen supra, the name is a misnomer in the sense that not all uses of present perfect constructions involve an idea of completion. In Old English the verb to acquire, apply as the predicate in the sentence, was some clippings followed by orient object with participle II of a transitive verb attached to it on the lead of a predicative adjective. The participle agreed in number, gender, case with the exact object. He has that book written= . As the state of the object ( written) was the essence of the unadulterated trans achieve, the learning ability of the speaker began to be interested in he do. The construction did not show whether the attain expressed by participle II was per organise by the subject of the sentence or by some ot her agent. It was from constructions where the subject of the sentence was the doer of the action denoted by the other(prenominal) participle, that the modern English perfect form developed. The participle disjointed its form of agreement with the noun-object and changing its place (He has written), became closely connected with the verb to possess. Both elements lost their independent nub and merged into one sense unit the analytical form of the Modern English Perfect.He has written that book the action of write is gracious by him at present and as a solvent of it the book is in a written state. Thus, what was originally a light syntactical combination has now turned into an analytical tense form. much(prenominal) constructions, in which the doer of the action expressed by the participle was not the subject of the sentence, gestate nevertheless survived in Modern English as free syntactical combinations He had three horses killed under him. I afford my dress do here. Killed and make argon let off predictive adjectives to the direct object horses and dress.In construction with the verb to be, participle II of an intransitive verb was use as the predicative to the subject with which agreed in number, gender and case, and the verb to be had the function of a link-verb in a compound-nominal predicate He is ? ecumen = O? . When to fork over and to be forms turned into perfect, the verb to perplex began gradually to be utilise as an auxiliary verb with both(prenominal) transitive and intransitive verbs I acquit seen her. I hand have. As a survival of the old constriction, to be is unflustered utilise when the state is stressed May Fielding was already come and so was her mother. Dickens) When he was at peace(p)(p), my mother asked me all about the day I had had (Dickens)He is asleep(p) to the Leas (Bronte) The present perfect is a grammatical combination of the present tense and the perfect aspect, used to express a gone event that has present consequences. An example is I have eaten (so Im not hungry). Depending on the unique(predicate) language, the events described by present perfects argon not necessarily completed, as in I have been eating or I have lived here for five stratums. The present perfect is a compound tense in English, as in many other languages, meaning that it is formed by combining an auxiliary verb with the main verb. In modern English, the auxiliary verb for forming the present perfect is always to have. * I have eaten * You have done for(p) * He has get under ones skind In many other European languages, the identical of to have (e. g. , German haben, French avoir) is used to form the present perfect (or their equivalent of the present perfect) for most or all verbs. However, the equivalent of to be (e. g. German sein, French etre) serves as the auxiliary for other verbs in some languages such(prenominal) as German, Dutch, French, and Italian ( muchover not Spanish or Portuguese). Genera lly, the verbs that take to be as auxiliary argon intransitive verbs denoting motion or qualifying of state (e. g. , to arrive, to go, to fall). In many European languages, including standard German, French and Italian, the present perfect verb form usually does not convey perfect aspect, only if rather perfective aspect. In these languages, it has usurped the role of the simple past(a) (i. . preterite) in spoken language, and the simple past is now really only used in formal written language and literature. In standard English, Spanish, and Portuguese, by contrast, the present perfect (perfect) and simple past (perfective aspect) are kept distinct. The preface Perfect form denotes an action completed forward the present instant (and connected with it) or before a distinct second base in the past or future. It is formed by means of the auxiliary verb to have in the required tense and participial II of the notional verb 1. The formation of the comprise Perfect 1. The Present Perfect is formed by means of the Present indeterminate of the auxiliary verb to have and Participle II of the notional verb. 2. In the interrogative form the auxiliary verb is placed before the subject. In the negative form the negative particle not is placed later on the auxiliary verb. Affirmative Interrogative Negative I have workedHe has workedShe has workedWe have workedYou have workedThey have worked start out I worked? Has he worked? Has she worked? live with we worked? form you worked? Have they worked? I have not workedHe has not workedShe has not workedWe have not workedYou have not workedThey have not worked 3. The contracted assentient forms are Ive worked Hes worked Youve worked The contracted negative forms are I havent worked He hasnt worked You havent worked 4. The negative-interrogative forms are Has she not worked? Hasnt she worked? Have you not worked? Havent you worked? 1. 3 Differences in between the onetime(prenominal) noncommittal and the Present Per fect It follows from the rules above that the Present Perfect is not used when there is an distinction of past snip in the sentence.It is the Past In decided that is used in this case because the mention of the definite past judgment of conviction ties the action to the past- clipping knowledge domain as it were, and it cannot break through to the present. e. g. Put on your habiliments at once and come with me. but what is it? Has something happened? Im afraid so. Your husband was taken ill this subsequentlynoon. M. Poirot, you have no idea of what I have gone through. I know your wife died hardly over a year ago. Similarly, it is the Past indistinct that is used in headsprings introduced by when. e. g.When did you actually arrive? When did you change your headspring? The Past indistinct is also used in special questions beginning with where and how when they refer to the past events. The Present Perfect is not common here because the attention in such sentences is drawn to the muckle of the action rather than to the occurrence itself, which means that the speaker has a definite action in thought. e. g. Where did your uncle receive his guests? Right here. How did he get in? I asked, and Evans sound out apart, Oh, he has a key. Where is my hat?Where did I leave my hat? Note. The question Where have you been? can be asked of the person who has rightful(prenominal) come. e. g. Hello, Mum. Im olive-drab Im late Where have you been? In all other cases it should be Where were you e. g. Did the company go off nicely? I dont know. I wasnt there. Where were you? In special questions beginning with interrogative words other than those mentioned above (e. g. who, what, wherefore, what for and other), both the Present Perfect and the Past unclear are affirmable. The survival of the fittest depends on the meaning to be conveyed.If reference is made to an action which is past or definite in the minds of the people speaking, or if there is a change of scene, the Past In definite is used if reference is made to an action which is lock up valid as part of the present situation, the Present Perfect should be used. e. g. What have I done against you? she burst out defiantly. Nothing. Then why cant we get on? I know she gave him a good scolding. What did he do? Looking up at her he express Dorothys gone to a garden party. I know. wherefore havent you gone too? Why didnt you speak to my father yourself on the boat? Note 1. As to general questions, the Present Perfect as well as the Past Indefinite may be launch in them because they may inquire both about revolutionary facts which are important for the present or about events that are definite in the mind of the speaker. Note 2. In the sideline example the verb to be is used in the meaning to visit, to go. Hence it takes the preposition to after it. It is noteworthy that to be acquires this meaning only if used in the Present Perfect or the Past Perfect. e. g.Renny said He has been to Ireland too Have you been to a symphony concert? he fall outd. Note 3. The combination has/have got may be used as the Present Perfect of the verb to get (which is not really common, though). e. g. I dont know whats got into Steven today. He has got into financial effortfulies and postulate cash. further it is often used as a implant diction which has two different meanings to possess (a) and to be obliged (b). e. g. a) Have you got a telephone? she tonicityed refresh the way of life. I dont hypothesize weve got any choice, said Francis, ) No he said loudly, there are some risks youve got to take. It doesnt matter what caused it, said Martin. We have got to take the consequences In this case the epoch reference also changes has/have got is the Present Perfect only in form it actually indicates a present state of things. Note 4. She is gone is a survival of the old Present Perfect which was formed with certain verbs by means of the auxiliar y to be. In present-day English it is to be treated as a set phrase meaning she is not here any longer. CHAPTER II The do of the Present Perfect . 1 The use of the Present Perfect in the Sentence The Present Perfect falls within the eon sphere of the , present and is not used in narration where reference is made to past events. It follows from that that the Present Perfect is used in present- conviction contexts, i. e. conversations, newspaper and tuner reports, lectures and letters. The Present Perfect has three distinct uses. They leave be get ahead referred to as Present Perfect I, Present Perfect II and Present Perfect III. 1) Present Perfect I is the Present Perfect proper.It is used to express an double-dyed(a) action which is viewed from the blink of an eye of speaking as part of the present situation. Attention in this case is centred on the action itself. The pot under which the action occurred appear unimportant and immaterial at the moment and need not be mention ed. e. g. He is very sensitive, I have discovered that. Ive had a talk with him. He presupposes he has all the trial impression he wants. Such news Weve bought a racehorse. Ive spoiled everything, she said. His secretary said tactfully Ive put off your other appoint- ments for a while. It should be in particular noted that though the action expressed in the Present Perfect is regarded as already fulfill, it belongs to the present-time sphere and is treated as a present action. It becomes obvious from the periphrasis Ive heard the doctors opinion I know the doctors opinion. Shes gone off to the woods She is in the woods. A similar idea of an accomplished action is also traced in such expressions referring to the present as He is awake. Im late. The work is done. The door is locked, etceteraSince it is the action itself that the Present Perfect makes im- portant, it is frequently used to open up conversations (newspaper and radio reports, or letters) or to introduce a new topic in them. However, if the conversation (report or letter) continues on the alike subject, going into detail, the Present Perfect usually changes to the Past Indefinite, as the latter is used to refer to actions or sit- uations which are definite in the mind of the speaker. Usually (but not necessarily) some concrete mint of the action (time, place, cause, purpose, manner, etc. are mentioned in this case. e. g. You are all right. You are coming round. be you feeling better? Im quite all right. But what has happened? Where am I? Youre in a dug-out, You were buried by a bomb from a trench-mortar. Oh, was I? But how did I get here? Someone dragged you. I am afraid some of your men were killed, and several others were wounded. goose Cat, Pussy Cat, Where have you been? Ive been to London To look at the Queen. What did you see there? I saw a little mouse Under her chair. As is seen from the above examples, the Present Perfect is used to name a new action, whereas the Past Indef inite is used to refer back to a definite action and the attention in this case is often drawn rather to the circumstances attending the action than to the action itself. Note. The functions of the Present Perfect and the Past Indefinite may be in a way compared with those of the indefinite and the definite articles. The indefinite article is used when an object is simply named (e. g. Glue me a book. She is a watcher. I have a brother).Likewise the Present Perfect serves to name an accomplished action (see the examples above). Both the definite article and the Past Indefinite are used when an object or an action, respectively, is definite in the mind of the speaker (e. g. The book is on the table. The teacher returned the compositions,) As has been said, Present Perfect I is mainly used to introduce a new topic. But it may also be used to sum up a situation. e. g. Ive done bad things, I said, but I dont think I could have done some of the things youve done. Youve so often been a ttend toful in the past. Ive try, said Joseph. Weve all been young once, you know. Weve all felt it, Roy. Im afraid Ive been frightfully boring and talked too much, she said as she pressed my hand. Agatha has told me everything. How cleverly you have both kept your secret, You and your wife have been very good to me. thank you. In accordance with its main function just to name an accomplished action the Present Perfect is generally used when the time of the action is not given. e. g. He sat down. You have not changed, he said. No? What have you come for? To discuss things. Mr has told me such wonderful things about you. Walter. I havent thought about it, she returned. However, sometimes, even though there may be no indication of past time in the sentence, the Present Perfect cannot be used because reference is made to happenings which are definite in the mind of the speaker (either because the action has already been mentioned or because the situation is very well known to the listener). In this case the use of the Past Indefinite is very common. e. g. Did you sleep well? I didnt understand you. Did you enjoy the rook?Did you have a good journey Did you like the book? (trip, ride, flight, day, time)? What did you say? Did you see the accident? Did you hear what he said? Im sorry I lost my temper. I didnt hear your question. It is achievable, however, to use the Present Perfect when there is an adverbial modifier of time in the sentence that denotes a full point of time which is not over still, e. g. today, this morning, this week, this month, this year, etc. e. g. What Rosanna has done tonight is see enough, (Tonight is not over yet. ) This year we have taken only one assistant. (This year is not over. I have had only one new dress this summer, exclaimed June. (This summer is not over yet. ) Conversely, if the gunpoint is over or reference is made to a particular past point of time within that item, the Past Indefinite is used. e. g. Did you see t he letter in the time this morning? (It is no longer morning. ) No. I havent had time to look at a paper today, (Today is not over yet. ) Whom do you think I passed in Richmond Park today (Today is not over, but the action took place at a particular point of time within today, namely when the person was in Richmond Park. I wasnt very well this morning, but Im perfectly all right now. (This morning is over. ) Note. It should be noted that sometimes an adverbial modifier of place points to a past period of time. e. g. Did you see him at the theatre? (= when you were at the theatre) I ran into her in Oxford Street. (= when I was in Oxford Street) The Present Perfect may be found with certain adverbs of indefinite time and frequency such as just ( ), not yet, already, before, always, ever, never, often, seldom, recently, late ly, of late, etc. e. g. Shes just missed being menstruate over.I havent even had coffee yet. He has never made a sixpence by any of his books. Have you heard of him lately? What is the point? Ive made it clear enough before. However, the use of the Present Perfect is by no means obligatory with the above mentioned adverbs, because any other finite form may be used with these adverbs if it is required by the situation. e. g. He was perusing to be a pianist, but he never touches the piano now. He noticed that the leaves of the chestnut were already beginning to turn yellow and brown. His room was not yet furnished, and he liked it to remain empty. Note 1.Note the use of the Past Indefinite with just now. e. g. I told you just now I had never had time for much fun. Note 2. Russian students of English, under the cultivate of the Russian language, tend to use the adverb already nearly in every sentence containing the Present Perfect. That is not characteristic of the English language as it is sufficient to use the Present Perfect alone to express an accomplished action. The addition of already appears redundant in many cases. Present Perf ect II serves to express an action which began before the moment of speaking and continues into it or up to it.This grammatical meaning is mainly expressed by the Present Perfect straight. However, the Present Perfect Non-Continuous is found in the pursuit cases a)Its use is compulsory with stative verbs. e. g. Ive known the young lady all her life. Ive love her since she was a child. But weve been in conference for two hours, he said. Its time we had a tea break. b)With some dynamic verbs of durative aspect meaning the Present Perfect is sometimes used instead of the Present Perfect Continuous with little difference in meaning. e. g. Its a pretty room, isnt it? Ive slept in it for fifteen geezerhood. Im glad to meet you, he said. Ive waited a long while and began to be afraid Id not have the opportunity. Hes looked after Miss Gregg for many eld now. As to terminative verbs, they can only have the meaning of Present Perfect I and never of Present Perfect II. Since it is often difficult to draw the line between durative and terminative verbs, it is recommended that students of English should use the Present Perfect Continuous with all dynamic verbs to express an action begun in the past and continued into the present. )The Present Perfect is preferred to the Present Perfect Continuous in negative sentences, when it is the action itself that is completely negated. e. g. Shall we sit down a little? We havent sat here for ages. I was just having a look at the paper, he said. I havent read the paper for the last two days. She hasnt written to me for a year, said Roy. It is noteworthy that Present Perfect II is associated with certain time indications either the whole period of the duration of the action is marked or its scratch point.In the former case we find different time indications. Some expressions are introduced by the preposition for and sometimes in (e. g. for an hour, for many years, for the last few days, for a long time, for so long, for ages, in years, in a long while, etc. )- Other expressions have no prepositions (e. g. these three years, all this week, all along, so long, all oneys life, etc. ). e. g. The picture has been mine for years and years. Ive felt differently about him for some time. Why havent I seen you all these months? said Hankins.We havent had any fun in a long while. Ive wanted to go to the sea all my life. The get-go point of the action is indicated by the adverb since, a prepositional phrase with since or a clause introduced by the conjunction since. e. g. But, Dinny, when did you meet him? Only ten days ago, but Ive seen him every day since. The sun has been in the room since the morning. But she has seemed so much better since you started the injections. In the clause introduced by since the Past Indefinite is used to indicate the starting point of an action.However, we sometimes find in both parts of such complex sentences two parallel actions which began at the same time in the past and cont inue into the present. In this case the Present Perfect is used in both clauses, e. g. Ive loved you since Ive known you. It should be noted that the indication of time is inseparable to Present Perfect II because otherwise its meaning in most cases would be changed. It would come to denote an accomplished action which is part of the present situation. Cf. Ive been taught to do it for three years. I have been taught to do it. But we met him here about a month ago.We havent heard from him since. We havent heard from him. upkeep should be taken to distinguish between the use of the Present Perfect and the Past Indefinite when the period of duration is expressed by a prepositional phrase with for. If the period of duration belongs to the past time sphere, the Past Indefinite should be used. It is only if the period of duration comes close to the moment of speaking or includes it that the Present Perfect is used. Cf. I have lived like this, he said, for two years, and I cant stand it anymore. I teach History at a secondary school.I went to the University here for four years and got a degree. The same is true of questions beginning with how long. Are you unite? Yes. How long have you been married? Are you married? No. Im divorced. How long were you married? 3) Present Perfect III is found in adverbial clauses of time introduced by the conjunctions when, before, after, as soon as, till and until where it is used to express a future action. It shows that the action of the subordinate clause will be accomplished before the action of the principal clause (which is usually expressed by the Future Indefinite).This use of the Present Perfect is structurally dependent as it is restricted only to the above mentioned type of clauses. e. g. Youll find, said Fred, that youll long for mansion when you have left it. As soon as we have had some tea, Ann, we shall go to inspect your house. Ill take you back in my car but not till Ive made you some coffee. Sometimes th e Present Indefinite is found in this type of clauses in the same meaning as the Present Perfect. The choice of the form depends on the lexical meaning of the verb. With durative verbs the Present Perfect is necessary. e. g. When you have had your tea, well see about it.I can tell you whether the machine is good or bad when I have tried it. With terminative verbs the use of both forms is possible, Cf. He says when he retires hell advance roses. When Ive finished this I must go and put the baby to bed. go will stay at home until we return. Your mother wouldnt like me. You cant possibly say that until youve met her. 2. 2 Differences in Use of the Present Perfect in American and British English In British English the present perfect is used to express an action that has occurred in the recent past that has an effect on the present moment.For example Ive lost my key. Can you help me look for it? In American English the following is also possible I lost my key. Can you help me look for it? In British English the above would be considered incorrect. However, both forms are generally trustworthy in standard American English. Other differences involving the use of the present perfect in British English and simple past in American English include already, just and yet. British English Ive just had eat Ive already seen that film Have you finished your homework yet? American EnglishI just had tiffin OR Ive just had lunch Ive already seen that film OR I already saw that film. Have your finished your homework yet? OR Did you finish your homework yet? American English speakers do not use the present perfect for events that are still connected to the present. However, most Americans have a narrower information of such connections than do other English speakers, particularly the British. For example, the British will say have you had breakfast this morning, but Americans will often say did you have breakfast this morning. thither is no difference in grammar the diffe rence is in the fact that Americans often think of the morning as being past history, whereas the British tend to see breakfast as still being part of the day, at least for a longer time than Americans do. Both groups use the past simple to describe things that they encompass to be unconnected with the present, and both groups use the present perfect to describe things that they perceive to be connected with the present. The difference is in the perception, not the grammar.Some Americans may well use the present perfect, if thats how they perceive the action in question. Conversely, some British speakers may use the past simple, if they think of the action in question as being isolated in the past. The important thing to rally is that, in many expressions, the choice between present perfect and past simple depends solely on what the speaker has in mind. If the speaker perceives something as being completely finished and unconnected to the present, hell use the past simple if he st ill sees some sort of connection to the present, hell use the present perfect.Two different people talking about the exact same thing may choose to use two different tenses to describe it. There are some cases in which one tense or the other is gramatically necessary, of course, but there are many cases in which both are acceptable. If you specify a particular time in the past, for example, you normally use the past simple (I did it yesterday). And if you say Ive lived here for a year, the moment is that you still live here, whereas if you say I lived here for ayear, the implication is that you no longer live here.Similarly, if a woman says Ive had two children, things are going well, but if she says I had two children, it might be a good idea to change the subject. The distinction between present perfect and past simple is difficult to explain in terms of rules because the rules are quite complex. I usually explain it in terms of the speakers perceptions and via limited examples that illustrate the different ways in which the tenses can be contrasted. If person says ass went to the movie, it tells me several things. It tells me that John is not with the speaker, for example.It implies that the speaker probably does not expect to encounter John while he is at the movie. It implies that zippo the speaker is doing right now is connected to Johns trip to the movie. If person says John has gone to the movie, that, too, tells me several things. It implies that Johns trip to the movie is recent. It implies that something about Johns action is connected to some present state or action in the speakers mind (for example, she may be planning to join him, or she may be describing the reason for his absence in the present, as when answering the telephone).In many cases, the choice between the two is almost arbitrary. In isolation, the present perfect sounds more recent, and/or implies that something may have happened more than once in the past, and implies a connect ion with the present somehow, but in many contexts these distinctions are unimportant. If someone answers the phone and is asked about John, she will probably say He has gone to the movie, but she might also very well say He went to the movie, particularly if she is American (Americans have a narrower perception of present time than do many other English speakers).Conclusion After investigation of the theme The Present Perfect Tense I came to the conclusion that although the perfect tenses are called as the secondary tenses in the works of Russian scientists Ganshina and Vasilevskaya, it appears to be one of the main and indispensable constituents of the English language tense form. Every action leads to the results. Without results the action is not valuable. So the essence of using the perfect tenses is in expressing the results, consequences and the level of accomplishment and duration of the action.The present perfect tense and its use follow the learners of the English language from the first stage of the learning and of a great importance on the same level as the verb to be or there is/ there are constructions. So, on the basis of the theoretical and practical investigation of the use of perfect tenses in the works of prominent Russian and English scientists and within American and British fiction conforming to the examined theory, we have reached the following results of the research work The Perfect form denotes an action completed before the present moment (and connected with it) or before a definite moment in the ast or future. It is formed by means of the auxiliary verb to have in the required tense and Participle II of the notional verb. The Present Perfect is used in the following cases 1. The Present Perfect denotes a completed action connected with the present. 2. The Present Perfect is used in adverbial clauses of time after the conjunctions when, till, until, before, after, as soon as to denote an action completed before a definite moment in the future. 3. The Present Perfect denotes an action which began in the past, has been going on up to the present and is still going on.In this case either the starting point of the action is indicated or the whole period of duration. The preposition for is used to denote the whole period of duration. Since is used to indicate the starting point of the action. If the conjunction since introduces a clause, the verb in this clause is in the Past Indefinite. In British English the present perfect is used to express an action that has occurred in the recent past that has an effect on the present moment. For example Ive lost my key.In American English the following is also possible I lost my key. In British English the above would be considered incorrect. However, both forms are generally accepted in standard American English. Other differences involving the use of the present perfect in British English and simple past in American English include already, just and yet. British English Iv e just had lunch American English I just had lunch OR Ive just had lunch American English speakers do not use the present perfect for events that are still connected to the present.However, most Americans have a narrower perception of such connections than do other English speakers, particularly the British. Bibliography 1. ?. ?. , , , 1968, 227 . 2. ?. ?. , A Grammar of Present Day, , ,1990, 100 . 3. Greenbaum Sidney, Oxford English Grammar, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 1996, 652 p. 4. Greenbaum Sidney, Quirk R. , Leech G. , Svartvik J, A University Grammar of English, Moscow, 1982, p. 158 5. Newsperson Otto, University of Grammar, Chicago and London, The

Language and its relation with apes Essay

When we talk about talking to it means the phraseology that we wont for discourse. world being experience apply incompatible fibres of language in past for conference and the language that we speak today has been eventually achieved after crappers of changes. It has been give tongue to that using language for communication has antitheticaliated humans from otherwisewise animals on this earth. Talking about language includes sign language, spoken language and other languages mapd for communication.Language should be differentiated with speech because speech involves intersection of sound from the voice box whereas anguage means a way normally used for communication and to express whizz with severally other in society. All animals use rough form of communication or other but researchers dont classify it as language. simply it has been seen that n aboriginal of the animals like dolphins, apes, chimpanzees etc. can happen using the language used by humans. Dolph ins ar even found bitching each other by names.As far as apes are concerned corking ape language has even evolved by the researchers while find outing gorillas, orangutans and chimpanzees. It is seen that they devolve with each other using sign language or physiological tokens. These usages of different types of tools to reach indicate their ability to use language. When we go masking into the past we find that in the beginning the language was non link to speech and can be said to be a type of sign language.M both researchers break made studies and have come to the demonstration that apes can understand sign language and can easily communicate with humans if trained to do so. A chimpanzee was caught in the un soundified and was named Washoe. When she was ten months old, she was handed over to a husband and wife snarly with the researchers team. It is a fact that chimpanzees are fully mutualist till two eld of age and semi dependent up to four years of age. They made the purlieu like a deaf parent would make for their child and then started experiment on Washoe. in that respect was at least one of the researchers with her when she was awake and tried a lot of techniques in order to get a line her sign language and how to communicate with humans. sooner project Washoe, attempts to teach animals the voice language had failed so the researchers tried to teach her the American Sign language in which they succeeded to a far extent. objet dart teaching Washoe, when she used to learn all language properly she was rewarded so that it encouraged her and initially she was even taught to bring her manpower together and color her fingertips.Then the couple started teaching her to be more precise with her hands movements. In the first couple of years the couple were not trusted whether she was really catching the language or not because sometimes she did not react to that but when she was shown the object she would make the correct sign for that. I t was besides seen that some of the things she used to name in her own way and unceasingly did the same. This as well shows that chimpanzees applied their own wish and point and not honour satisfactory copied what they were taught.It was concluded by the researchers that when humans started to communicate with the dish of speech, their vocal parcel of land certain and it eventually brought changes in the human brain too. The language that we use today to communicate can be found punt 200,000 years ago where we find similarities in the language. But it was almost 50,000 years back from when sophistication of language started. The first step essential(prenominal) have been the use of grammar in the language and the basis of todays language must have eveloped. But it is still a matter of debate whether it developed gradually or suddenly because researchers have no proof for any of the two.Language is said to be unique human quality and researchers have found evidence that sug gests that a sudden change took place somewhere in Africa around 50,000 years back. This brought some changes in human brain and some of the scientists have concluded that a group of Africans left and proceeded to colonize other parts of the world. This way similar language pattern crack and is now found in most parts of the world. There are ome researchers who believe that the language of today has eventually been achieved and has gone through different stages and the modern linguistics must have evolved since late eighteenth century.It depends upon the mint and surroundings and it has been proved by the researchers that chimpanzees when kept in supporting environment can learn and communicate in sign language with humans. The fertility of our language for communication is considered as distinctive achievement because it provides us with the shipway to express our feelings and emotions to others. Each and all achievement of umans can be assign to language because without it nothing could have been possible in the field of comprehension and engine room, philosophy, art and culture or any of the fields.There is language revolution found in this world and even market of language technology is also growing. Language has helped a lot in expanding different types of businesses passim the world. Exchange of ideas and views become very important when it comes to business or any field that is concerned with the whole world. The use of computer and Internet has also brought the whole world quite close and even the diversity f languages can be bridged with the help of latest technology.Translations are done with the help of software and although they are less accurate than the work done by humans, they are cheap and easily accessible. It can almost be considered as revolution and this has been spreading widely through the help of computer. Initially language was thought to be a unique human quality and that must be because it gave every human to articulate an d communicate easily with each other. Understand each other in a better way, which was a great achievement for humans and this helped them to ravel and know about different cultures and livings.Language is the base of all the developments and achievements in this world. If there were no collectiveness callable to common language, there would have been nothing possible. All the developments either technical foul or in the art world are seen and enjoyed today just because a group of people were able to communicate and discuss on some point and then after a lot of studies and experiments were able to reach where we are today. Communication has also helped to pass on the ideas of one generation to other and in this way development has eventually eached and is and heading in future.The most important thing needed for communication is language as it is the base and without which it would have not been possible to communicate. It happens at many levels and in various ways but need of lan guage is must. Language becomes the means that helps to communicate within the working team and and so helps achieve targets and success. Man is a social animal and he inevitably to communicate in order to remain attached to the society and every member of the society has his or her share in its development. Many scholars have given instances and tried to explain the importance of communication and its relation with language. meet to prove the significance of language there had been so many projects to teach languages to animals and men have succeeded in it. Some of the animals can understand and communicate in sign languages if taught in perfect age like chimpanzees and some can even speak too like parrots if taught at an early age can communicate with vocal expressions. Dolphins are found to call each other by names and they also communicate with their human companions and understand their instructions. Dolphins are found to respond to music too.Language is an organised form of communication, which can be conveyed through voice, signals, and gestures or written symbols. But just communication or its ways are not considered as language and this is the reason why the communication of animals is not considered as language. valet de chambre speak and write language as a system of symbols and grammars or rules with the help of which the symbols are manipulated. Most of humans use sounds or gestures as communication tools and language is considered to be exclusively as mode of communication for humans only.

Television Is Bad for Children

It has been suggested that make up unrivaleds minding goggle box may do to a greater extent(prenominal)(prenominal) harm than sincere to a childs developmental skills. But a sassy cultivation says that it all dep overthrows on what children piquet some educational programs on TV can actually enhance childrens intellectual development. Until now, television believe has been blamed consistently for having a negative effect on childrens developmental skills. But the authors of a new study, which was published in the September/October retail store of Child Development, argue that non all television programs argon created equal. e actually last(predicate) TV is not alike, says co-author Aletha Huston, PhD, professor of child development at the University of Texas at Austin. Educational television can gravel a very convinced(p) impact on young children. For the study, researchers recruited more than 200 children in the Kansas City area who were from low- to moderate-incom e families. About 40% of the children were African-Americans, and the rest were Hispanic and ovalbumin Americans. During the 3-year study, which followed children from ages 2 to 4 years, researchers tested the children and visited their homes every year.The tests included practice, vocabulary, math, and school readiness. Children who watched educational scheduling particularly at age 2 and 3 performed crack on tests of school-related skills than children who did not watch educational television, says Huston. Watching a fortune of general audience programming was related to poor skills. After commanding for the family environment, which included parents education and family income, researchers found that watching educational programs on television may indeed translate to give skills.Daniel Anderson, PhD, professor of psychology at the University of Massachusetts at Amherst, says that the findings highlight the importance of the type of content that is viewed. What children w atch on television is the key, says Anderson. When the television programs are designed to watch, children learn good things. If they are not designed to teach, and especially if they include violence, children learn things that end up being bad for their behavior. Anderson points out that for children from low- to moderate-income families, such educational programming is filling in parts of their childhood experience that they might not otherwise get. These children very often dont start other educational resources lendable in their homes, such as age-appropriate books, and parents often dont understand the importance of reading to their children and encouraging their children to read, says Anderson. Researchers say that it is heartening to see that educational programming has set out a regular, if small, part of broadcast offerings.Children can learn cognitive and companionable skills from such programs if parents supervise what they watch. Television is a powerful alsol to teach things good or bad, says John Murray, PhD, professor in the school of family studies and merciful services at Kansas State University. null But he cautions that too lots television for school-aged children may have the opposite effect. The rule of toss is two hours per day, says Murray. Watching too much television takes away cadence children spend on exercise and other school-related activities. A related study, released this workweek in the September issue of Ambulatory Pediatrics, found that easy recover to television, such as having a TV in a childs room, leads to more time spent in front of the tube. The study author, Jean Wiecha, PhD, says her study backs up that 2-hour rule. Parents should limit the time children spend watching television, says Wiecha, deputy coach of the prevention research center on nutrition and physical natural process at the Harvard School of Public Health in Boston. More than 2 hours of viewing time may have health consequences for children , such as obesity. engineering science runs in the veins of society. It is the fuel that drives our lives. It is an integral part of daily life. It has decidedly benefited society. It has brought luxury in the life of every common man. Automation brought near by technology has saved human effort and time to a large consummation. It has brought distant places closer and simplified information access. It has made the serviceman a smaller place to live in. Let us envision at some of the important areas, where technology has brought a positive change.Automation of Processes in the Industry and the Household Technology has automate many of the critical processes in the industry as well as the household. Imagine the amount of dig out that must have been involved in industrial processes when the concept of mechanization did not exist. Electronic gadgets have entered homes of the common man to rescue him from the ennui of daily chores. Imagine the amount of time people must be sp ending doing household chores during the time there were no machines and household appliances. Its better not imagined.Todays is the age of robotics. Machines can learn, adopt new things and perform tasks with near-human efficiency. Changed Modes of delight The automobile industry and technology are interwoven. Time has witnessed this industry evolve from mechanical scooters to automated aircraft. Animals were the only modes of beam in the olden days. Technology was the driving force behind the creation and design of the modern-day automobiles. Bicycles evolved into scooters and sports bikes. The belief of having four-wheeled modes of transport gave come on to the creation of cars.Modes of air and water transport came up, thanks to technology. Reduced Risk to Human Life Machines have automated many crucial industrial processes. Machines are now taking up mundane jobs that were once done by human workers. Technology has evolved to an extent where machines can perform tasks that are not feasible for man, either because they are risky or life-threatening or because they are beyond human capacity. The use of advanced technologies like robotics and artificial intelligence has proven to be helpful in life-risking endeavors like mining and space exploration.Data Management and reading Retrieval Computer technology, needless to say, has changed the face of the world. Computers can store, organize and shell out huge amounts of selective information. They can process large amounts of information. Computers have give rise to the software industry, one of the most progressive industries of the world. The Internet that seeded from electronic computer networking concepts is the most effective communication platform and the largest information base exist today. Impact on the Entertainment and Advertising Industries The Internet has brought a positive change to the entertainment and advertising industries.Over the Internet, advertisements can reach the masses at he art seconds. Internet advertisements have changed equations of the advertising industry. Branding on the Internet is much more effective that other forms of product promotion. The entertainment media has progressed because of advancements in technology. Movies, songs, games are a few clicks away. People have begun using the Internet to watch and download movies, listen to music, play games and entertain themselves. Thanks to handy, mobile and easy devices, all this has become really easy.Onset of the digital Age Theres hardly anything analogue now, we live in a digital world, a digital age. blab pixels and bytes. The digitization of information has made it possible for us to store it in a compact form. Ever wondered how gigabytes of data can be stored on a small chip? Digitization it is Also, digitization enriches the quality of data storage. Digital voice and digital images are of a higher quality. Digital cameras and digital TVs provide users with an enriched picture quality, th us bettering user experience with technology.Communication Redefined cellular communication has revolutionized the communication industry. The conventional telephone, also a piece of technology, was one of the earliest technological developments in communication. Mobile phones have broadened the horizons of communication by enabling convenient long-distance calling and mobile use. Letters have taken a backseat and emails and cell phone messages have become the easiest style to connect. Owing to developments in technology, communication is wireless.Social networking is another defining factor here. It has given an all new dimension to communication, entertainment and recreation. artificial satellite Technology Satellite communication is an important facet of technology. Satellite TV and satellite tuner have eased the broadcasting of events across the globe. How else do you think could matches and concerts be broadcasted live? Not just TV and radio receiver, even communication to s hips and airplanes wouldnt have been possible if not for satellite communication.Even your hand-held devices wouldnt be of use, if not for radio communication. These were still a few fields influenced by technology. It is almost impracticable to enlist all the positive effects of technology on society. The fast-advancing technology on the whole, has given impetus to developments in various fields and improve the quality of human life. Theres less risk, less effort, less mess. Theres more leisure, more ease and more speed all because of that ten-letter word not a word, a phenomenon technology.

My Emergency Room Experience Essay

I apply to wonder what happens inside the Emergency Room of hospitals, what it would be like for a forbearing, for a doctor, and most especially for a nurse. As a care for student, and as part of our program I was given an opportunity to pay off a clinical experience inside the Emergency Room. I had a three hour experience inside the mite room. Inside the emergency room, I took care of a unhurried who was admitted for food poisoning. My job was to post care of the patient and to assist the doctor. But the focus of the experience was in the beginning to gain care of the patient.Our patient was there because of food poisoning. He was beingness administered with Flagyl (metronidazole) , an oral synthetic antiprotozoal and antibacterial agent. I helped in the medicine administration. I removed the Nasogastric tube, which was passed by dint of the nose and down through the patients nasopharynx and esophagus into the stomach. The flexible tube made of sorry or plastic was used to remove the contents of the stomach, including air, to decompress the stomach, or to remove small solid objects and fluid, in this case the poison, from the stomach.The process was cursorily precisely I had to be careful because I was mindful of non hurting the patient in any way, I know that the removal of the nasogastric tube would cause discomfort and pain on the patient if I was not careful. My participation in the treatment of the food poisoning patient was little but I would say indispensable. What counts most was the care that I gave the patient. A nurse inside the emergency room essential at all times be attentive, alert and prepared. Inside the emergency room, the measure is quick and star should not be negligent of details. Every patient admitted are in take up of urgent attention, which must be given.I was interested in the fast paced environment inside the emergency room. The gallery of people gave me energy. The adrenaline level of people was high and was con tagious, such(prenominal) that if you were there, you would tactile sensation the rush and would be driven by the same energy. However, my experience was exactly for three hours and I can only speak for myself. I think that should one be employed as an emergency room nurse, one should know all the aspects of this type of nursing. A nurse whitethorn be come across several setbacks such as injuries from sharp objects such as needles, blades, etc.Also, patients in the emergency room have not been diagnosed before coming, thus they may present a risk of contagion . The stress of handling patients , some of whom may be heavy may bring about musculoskeletal problems and back pain . Continuous plump while standing or walking causes fatigue and leg problems. These possibilities must not detract a nursing student. They are only possibilities, but with proper care and diligence they may be avoided. What is important to take into consideration is that in the emergency room, we help save li ves by assisting those who need urgent care and medication.

Diapedesis

The article describes that diapedesis is the movement of white strain cells called leukocytes from circulating blood stream into atomic number 18as of the body tissue where at that place is ongoing inflammatory reply in response to cellular injury. The article evaluates the present facts on diapedesis and itemized some(prenominal)(prenominal) unresolved issues yet to be studied for perfect understanding of the biological science of diapedesis. Though the author notes that compressive definition is poorly defined in scientific study, he however noted that diapedesis is technically accepted as transmigration of leukocyte between endothelial cell-cell junctions (Dejana, 106).Other upcoming research also has it that it can migrate by dint of the endothelial cell. The articles points out literature reviews by several other authors to discharge the possibility of transcellular and paracellular movements of leukocyte through the endothelial cells. The clarity from these two proposit ions is necessary to uphold scientists in understanding the arrangement and nature of proteins found along the pathway.This entrust help modulate the serve well and achieve desired aim(s) in clinical practice. The findings thus hold that leukocytes cross by biochemical interaction with molecular adhesive proteins at that line the endothelial junctions (Dejana 106). Some of the notable molecules are ICAM-1 and VCAM-1. Considering the intracellular movement, the article discussed that leukocyte can evade killing by the lysosome foreign some pathogen, to cross over into the tissue undergoing inflammation.Subsequent to the attachment of leukocyte to the ICAM-1 or VCAM-1, there is reshaping of the cytoskeleton of the cell to form transmissible cup like structure. The article raises several questions like what factors initiate the cup like formation, and which proteins play role in cytoskeletal conformational change. Answers to several questions the author raises are fundamental to s cientific breakthrough in maneuvering process of inflammation to less harmful and more beneficial process in diseases e. g. cancer and organ infectious and toxic exposure.ReferenceDejana Elisabetha. The Transcellular railroad track insights into leukocyte. Natural Cell Biology (2008) , Retrieved April 24,2009. 105 107. Site Available at

End of Life & Dementia Care Essay

1.1 Dementia is a progressive disease where an singles brain functions deteriorate and affects their mental capabilities. This disease is incurable which is analogous to a nonher terminal illness much(prenominal) as erectcer. Symptoms of insanity go away affect an item-by-items memory leading to leaving and confusing, speech/ communication, belowstanding and judgement. Medication freighter be prescribed to suffice dim d knowledge the progression of symptoms. Within the more advanced stages the soulfulness depart commonly suffer from incontinence, hold in mobility and limited communication usu eithery the case-by-caseistic leave not be able to use sentences just limited words. Other symptoms that worsen similar to those with a terminal illness are aspiration, difficulty with breathing, pressure sores from neglect of mobility, unrecognisable symptoms of fuss (whitethorn not be able to communicate) this could lead to the someone not macrocosm treated for wo(e) .1.2 The blockade of feeling experience whitethorn protestentiate amid those who project to madness to those who singulars without. An unmarried whitethorn lack understanding surrounding the diagnosing being do, they whitethorn scram had symptoms for a longer period of time onwards a diagnosis had been made. This burn lead to confusion as to why they are having symptoms and the way they are feeling. An individuals communication may be limited, so they may not be able to announce their feelings, changes in symptoms and hassle. This can lead to depression/ anxiety which impacts on the individuals behavior I.e. verb eithery aggressive, changes in appetite. Lack of communication regarding wound in the ass could impact on the quality of rush and aesculapian treatment, as finagle givers are the primary source of recognising an individuals ail through and through sounds rather than speech and non verbal communication. Whereas someone who doesnt carry dementia may be able understand a diagnosis and plunge fully on how this can affect their wellness through an illness progressing.1.3 Person bosomd finagle has come under Health and social fearfulness act which states that state should energize choices well-nigh their lives and they should be at the centre of all planning. Is it heavy having the person at the centre of all assist throughout the time of caring for someone and when termination of liveliness-time is approaching. The do provided to an individual deep down this should be based around their choices, beliefs, set and decisions which may have been made in advance. Working as a disturbancer these should be respected. For causa knowing the individuals likes/ dislikes surrounding food, drinks, clothing, to have permission to give medication when the individual is unable to verbally consent.1.4 In the earlier stages of dementia it is authorized that the carer works alongside and includes the individual and their family to mak e plans to reflect the individuals wishes to be cared for at the oddity of life, to begin with the dementia progresses and leaves the individual unable to communicate their wishes. Otherwise an appointed person would need to make decisions for the individual which could leave them feel di tonic and unhappy. provision and assessing allows time to plan for the care over the few days of life including later nete. These advanced care plans reflect the individuals values, beliefs and choices I.e. lifestyle, finances, medication, DNARs, funeral plans, after death care, appointed person for as/when the individual lacks capacity under the rational health act to make ruff interest decisions on their behalf.2.1 Pain in individuals with dementia is poorly recognised and undertreated can be due to lack of communication. This is estimateent on what stage the individual is at within their dementia and how well the care givers know the individual. Some people maybe able to verbally commun icate to carers if they are in pain by using single words and using non verbal methods I.e. pointing to what hurts that as this diseases progresses the individuals ability to express themselves will worsen. If pain is going unrecognised, then there would be no medical intervention, which could fare more pain and will impact on the individuals health and behaviours.2.2 In the earlier stages individuals may be able to express pain through verbal and non verbal communication, in concert the carer could recognise that they are in pain and a rough subject of where this is coming from. This will enable carers to be able to provide medical intervention if needed I.e. Administering PRN paracetamol or seeking medical attendance from a nurse/doctor when required. Care givers should use clear questions when talk to someone with dementia as it may take them a forgetful longer to process what is being asked. As the dementia progresses the individual could be unable to communicate, but they may be able to express pain through noise I.e. screams, but these could be easily misinterpreted by care providers as a normal behaviour if these are steady occurrences.2.3 When pain has been recognised by care providers, communication with the individual is important where accomplishable dependant of their ability to be verbal and how much capacity the individual has to understand their pain. Care givers will continuously manage and observe the individual for changes in needs and record these within the daily care notes within the care plan. Dependant on the type of pain will depend on what medical intervention will be crush for the individual through advice from early(a) health professionals.Health professionals offer support to care providers to work as a multi-disciplinary team to promote the well-being of the individual to observe, monitor symptoms as well as the care stave. Care lag can give over the counter medications as per care plan, or the doctor/ nurses can prescr ibe stronger pain rilievo and controlled drugs. As end of life gets nearer palliative nurse would be shoot the breezeing to monitor the individual and advise staff on how best to care for the individual and what symptoms to look for in the last few days of life I.e. changes in skin colour, increase of secretions. Medications maybe increased I.e. syringe drivers, which will help ease the pain and to make the individual more comfortable.Advice from colleagues and other health professionals will support care givers to the highest degree non medicated techniques, these can be how best to position the individual, how often they should be repositioned to prevent pressure sores, skin care reinforcement the skin clear of sores, afflicting to keep the mouth peachy as there would be increased secretions from the mouth, advice on fluid intake, methods how to try and encourage fluid intake i.e. spooning drinks, changes in food I.e soft. The individual should have an advanced care plan wh ich care givers would be using to pit the individuals needs and wishes for example if they have a DNAR in place, then cardiopulmonary resuscitation would not be given.3.1 Carers may feel guilt and stress and the end of life of an individual with dementia because they may have felt ostracize emotions towards the individual throughout the stages of dementia. At diagnosis the carer may not have reliable the diagnosis and treated the individual normally which could have caused licking between the individual/ carer or they could have been in denial of the diagnosis and treated the individual normally, so the needs of the individual may not have been met fully. This could of impacted on the behaviour of the individual to stick agitated or withdrawn if they feel they are a burden.The carer may not fully understand the symptoms of dementia especially challenging behaviour I.e. shouting out/ aggression. The carer may have felt negative emotions such as embarrassment and may have lost t heir temper or felt like hurting the individual and they are frustrated with the ceaseless needs of support the individual has. When dementia has progressed and the carer may have been stressed from taking on the responsibility of caring if they have not had regular breaks. But on the other hand the carer may feel guilty for taking breaks and leaving them for other services to look after them. The carer may have had to make difficult decisions regarding accommodation for the individual such as going into residential care as they feel they can no longer cope with the responsibility of looking after them. After death the carer may feel they have let the individual down and not cared for them well enough based on their own expectations of themselves, they may to a fault regret certain decisions I.e. residential care.3.2 Carers can be supported by other professionals to understand how the end of life process may differ for individuals with dementia. Any health professional involved wi th the individuals care can provide support and advice I.e. GPs, nurses, palliative nurses and social workers. They can also suggest informative services offered to carers as support where they can go and discuss the process with trained professionals and other carers. Communication between family, carers, health professionals is vital with end of life care as this can provide reassurance that the individual is being cared for is comfortable as possible, also to keep informed of all changes in the individuals health I.e. refusal/ lack of ability to drink.A familymember may have been chosen to be the individuals power of attorney in the advanced care plan once capacity has been lost. This would have been documented under the Mental Health Act. This chosen person would need to be involved in decisions alongside doctors. All the people involved with the care of the individual will support each other, answer any questions, and work alongside any advanced plans which should have been pu t in place. As towards end of life the individual wont be able to make their own decisions so someone else will have to do this in the best interest of the individual.3.3 Anyone supporting an individual with dementia will feel loss and grief at the end of his or her life. Some people may experience loss and grief at the time of diagnosis or once the dementia has progressed further as there will be a lack of recognition between family and the individual as they may feel the dementia has taken over. People may feel all different kinds of emotions through loss and grief. Some may have accepted the diagnosis/ changes of the individual and feel sadness. Others may find this a relief that the individual has passed and no longer having to carry on with progressing symptoms causing them pain and a poor quality of life.3.4 Carers can have support from health professionals to make decisions and some of these decisions have to be made with health professionals, for example for a Do Not Attempt Resuscitation decision has to be made by a GP has to sign this document off in order to meet their best interests. Other decisions may need to be made if an advanced plan hasnt been made such as where the individual will reside at home or within a residential placement.3.5 At the final stages of end of life it is important to have good communication between all relevant parties (carers, family and colleagues). This is important so relatives are kept informed about how the individuals health is, any changes in medications as towards end of life as it is common to be prescribed a higher dosage of pain relief I.e. morphine syringe drivers, as changes as in the final stages changes can happen quickly. Relatives may also want to know about the individuals health as they may want to visit to say their last words or even be position at the time of death. Good communication is also important between carers as inresidential placements there will be staff change overs which they will need t o know the individuals health state, information about medication, to read end of life care plans, if anyone relatives need calling, any other info I.e. visits from nurses/ GPs.

Globalization as International Issue

Today the concept of globalization becomes the most topical and widely used. It is very interesting that the attitude to the globalization positive, negative or circumspect depends on the level of the social, economic and political ripening of a country. In present-day conditions the place and the role of globalization can non be understood without the analysis of that influence, which it renders on a nation, mentality and social behaviour, on the vital worlds of the people, who ar actively or passively break aparticipating in this swear out.The historical development of mankind depends on the conditions of globalization in which we see changes of motives, values, orientations of its contemporaries, typical attri neverthelesses of a person and his or her relations with a community. Today the realistic idea of the influence of globalization is e special(a)ly necessary because the fashion on it, a background created around this phenomenon recently quite often prevents from d istinguishing the cosmos from an ideologic myth.The essence of globalization is in growing interdependence of different communities but interdependence implies participation in this process of at least dickens or even greater number of the parties. Practically globalization process benefits the high-developed states, and less developed countries involuntarily become its part, thus not receiving special benefit for themselves, and play by the rules of the states that lead in this process.The main part of the population of such states can express its disagreement with the policy of governments that glum to the globalization process, oppose ruthless competitive struggle and go the opposite, change in the past, way. Globalization is good then, when this process is accessible to the majority of the countries and when on that point are conditions of equality between them.But todays globalization process in reality does not correspond to its essence, because only certain counties ha ve a speculation to cooperate on an equal basis the strongest ones, alienating from this process the weaker, not even giving them an opportunity to reduce the gap between them.

Bio-Weapons

Chlorine fuck up was used during the contend a lot. Chlorine gas was first used April 22 191 5 at leper in Belgium. There were many ways of use of the gas for example artillery shells, mortar projectiles, aerial bombs tank sprays and landmines were used to blossom out the chemicals around. During the Cold War the United Stated and Russia had enough chemical weapons to devastation most animal and plant life on earth.Blologlcal weapons were deployed In versatile ways to gain strategic or tactical advantage oer an advisory. The united States developed an anti-crop capability that used bio-herbicides or myco-herbicides to destroy oppositeness agriculture. Fisheries and water-based vegetation was also targeted. Wheat blast and rice blast were weaoponized in aerial tanks and cluster bombs to deliver to enemy water sheds. Even though herbicides atomic number 18 chemicals they are grouped with biological war and chemical warfare because they work the same as blotoxlns and ioregulator s.Japan poisoned Chinese water wells to debate how many people got Typhus and other diseases. Germany also used bioweapons at the beginning of the Second World War. Oplnlon/Crltlque In my opinion bioweapons were both sizable and bad but I think that they were mostly bad. The bad toxins that are Inside somebody can get Into their genes and be passed on to their claw If they have any. If there Is a child and one of the parents have toxins in them the child can come out looking deformed and mutated.

Communication Breakdown

Communication Breakdown Deborah Tannen in her essay Sex Lies and confabulation points out the problems in dialogue between genders. She focuses on intercourseal styles and on how a souls expressations of ones reaction whitethorn cause misunderstanding. She emphasizes the importance of something she calls cross ethnical communication. Tannen believes that in indian lodge to decease properly with the opposite wake we essential name their culture and oblige to conversation with them. First, Tannen describes the differences in how children socialize.Most of what we know well-nigh communication we well-read when we were children. When wo hands atomic number 18 little girls, they direct best friends, ones we brush aside sh ar our secrets with. When we get a little older and slang a affinity with the opposite end up we expect the same kind of communication. Tannen believes the importance is not necessarily the exit but the feeling that you get from conversation and points out ,What is important is not the individual subjects that are disclosed but the sense of closeness, of a brio shared, that emerges when people tell their thoughts, feelings and impressions (51).We must learn to socialize with the opposite sex the same way we do with the same sex. If we could learn to connect and have the sense of closeness with the opposite sex we might be adequate to(p) to bring successfully. Tannens research has shown that men socialize differently as boys and Since they simulatet assume bubble is the cement that binds the relationship, men dont know what kind of talk women want, and they dont strike down it when it isnt there(51). Tannen points out that boys learn to communicate in large groups, very much struggling not to be in the subaltern rate of the conversation.Men do not same to listen they like to feel like they are the superior person in the conversation. (51) Communication starts in puerility and what we have learned to expect from conversati ons. Next, Tannen observes how men and women listen to each different and how this can cause misunderstanding between genders . She feels that there is confusion about what women expect and declares, When women talk to each otherwisewise in a close, easy setting, they often overlap, finish each others sentences and anticipate what the other is about to say (53).Tannen also talks about listener echo. Women often will say mhm or uhuh and men do not do these things when they talk to each other. Women are looking for that listener noise and if he is silent, she thinks he is ignoring her but on the same token Tannen notes, Men who expect silent attention interpret a stream of listener noise as overreaction or impatience (53). Body lyric poem and conversational habits are causing women to feel like they are being ignored and men to feel as if they are being interrupted.When a woman is having a conversation they expect the listener to express agreement and be positive of the convers ation. Men, on the other hand, feel it is their conversational duty to express other positions in the argument. (53) Learning the importance of building a rapport with the person you are talking to may be another way to have successful conversation with the opposite sex. Finally, Tannen believes that learning how the opposite sex communicates is the key. If we can learn what to expect when communicating with someone then we can learn how to respond.Tannen suggests A sociolinguistic approach by which male-female conversation is seen as cross- cultural communication allows us to understand the problem and forge solutions without blaming either companionship(54). Tannen stresses the importance of telling the other person how you feel about their communication with you and advises, Women who feel abandoned and deprived when their husbands wont listen to or report daily news may be happy to discontinue their husbands trying to adapt once they understand the place of small talk in wome ns relationships (55).It is really not the male or females open frame that we communicate the way we do but it is our fault if we do not speak up and tell them it bothers us. When we are in a relationship with another person we just have to adapt to the way they communicate to make the relationship work. If a woman learns to accept that her husband is not going to communicate with her like her best girlfriend did in her childhood then she can look for other people to hold those types of conversation with. (55) Learning to communicate with the opposite sex involves many different things.Communication is something that is learned in childhood but mostly with the same sex. In order to have a successful relationship with good communication we must understand that men and women have very different body language when communicating and that they do not respond the same. Accepting that there is a difference in the communication of genders and learning to adapt is paramount in relationship s. Tannen, Deborah. Sex, Lies and Conversation. The Norton Mix. Judy Sieg. New York W. W. Norton & Company, 2012. 45-55. Print.

A Personal Nature – The poet Robert Frost

The poet Robert cover has been described as the gentle immature England poet. This is because of his eloquent and subtle use of New England temperament scenes as a metaphor for the hu military man condition. In his verses Robert frost manipulates constitution, humanizing and exaggerating it with the purpose of creating a fictional worldly concern for his characters. This use of constitution as the active campaign host for the poems is vital to Robert Frosts subtle implication of deeper meanings in his poems. coarse Lentricchia noned that in Birches temper performs the potters art and molds shabu onto the speakers figurative birch head which becomes brake by the load (line 14). Such a vivid description of the subjective process of winter storms leaving behind loads of nut case to constrict down trees speaks volumes to the weight the speaker essential feel on his life. The poem goes on to allow the speaker to re-live his head game and become a hobo of the birches ( line 58).In this metaphor, lightsome in the birches - spirit- is compared to leaving your cares behind and being keen again, in this way according to Frank Lentricchia, Frost grants (the speakers) wish. These acts of nature relieve oneself an original and distinctive vision to the poem says John C. Kemp. This is obvious in Frank Lentricchias allusion to start out Nature in his analysis of the speakers descent from paradise in which the blessed snap of the earth is felt again (Kemp). Because Mother Nature is nature herself the speaker feels that nature has a warm pull on man, further emphasizing and humanizing Frosts consistent use of nature.Robert Frost goes make up further than creating a metaphor of nature to human condition. The brilliance of the poet brings nature to a humanized level so he can manipulate nature itself to fit his motivation. The purpose of this is to rid the poem of contaminating matter-of-fact (line 22) verbiage. jibe to Frank Lentricchia the emotive p ower of the poem rises uncontaminated from the morass of philosophical problems that harm the poem if the poet decides to turn to knowledge of facts to influence a rouse (Lentricchia).This theme of a humanized nature is evident in Design in which natures design steeres the white moth thither in the night, (line 12) giving nature an active, driving role in the poems pith of the design of nature. Frank Lentricchia also notes that this humanized nature indicates a human will riding roughshod over a pliable out-of-door world, giving Robert Frosts characters a sense of separation from the external world and a public opinion of security in nature.In Birches nature stands humanized as the poet allows the speaker to transcend the scientific universe and, at the selfsame(prenominal) time, the poet allows the fictive world to be penetrated by imagination (Lentricchia). This secure world in which Robert Frosts characters live in is not a realistic nature but alternatively an unsanctioned vision of the world (Lentricchia). An immediate vitrine of this is Frosts Design in which the abnormal dimpled and white (line 1) spider sits atop the version white heal-all (line 2).These two extremely rare albino obscurities are likely to neer meet each other in the real world thus far Robert Frost has idyllically introduced them as companions in natures supreme design. The pleasant swinging of a boy in a birch tree in Birches is also obviously fabricated because of the perfect, linear oscillations of the boys swing. This lie is very effective, stock-still because the smooth, downward swing of the speaker prickle to earths love (line 51) is a redemptive privateity inhabited by Robert Frosts Nature, giving man and Nature an paint a picture connection. The ice on the trees in Birches is also very idyllic.Because of the weight of the ice, the branches may never right themselves, (line 16) however the beauty of the ice makes one weigh that the inner dome of heaven had fall en. Although nature in the form of ice represents lifes burdens, it redeems its relationship with man through its manifestation of a birch tree in which it grants the speaker his wish by launching him into heaven and back again. Ralph Waldo Emerson describes mans relationship with nature so deeply that he felt man was no better acquainted with his limbs than he is with the air, the mountains, the tides, the moon, and the sun (Montiero).Richard Gray comments that in Design, Robert Frosts imaginary Nature whispers secret, sympathetic messages to us. Because of this perfect relationship established surrounded by nature and the characters, caused by the humanization of nature and the exaggerated fantasy world, Frost effectively portrays all of the characters emotions. Robert Frosts resource as a poet is effective comely to use nature not for shocks and changes to keep the reader interested, but kinda as a useful tool to deliver the best message (Lentricchia).Because of Frosts great manipulative talents he is able to do what most poets cant. For instance, Frank Lentricchia believes that in Birches Frosts use of the pathless woods would appear trite if both other poets were using it, but for Frost it only adds to the overall feeling of the poem. In Birches, nature manifests itself in three beings- the ice on the tree, the notional birch which lifts men up into the heavens, and the pathless woods (line 43) which represents lifes considerations.As a result, the poems passionate concluding lines, its closing pronouncements on life, death, and human aspiration, do not give the reader a sense of finality. Instead, they are presented as doctrines that we must accept or reject on the basis of our belief in the speaker as a wise countryman whose familiarity with birch trees, ice storms, and pathless woods gives him authority as a philosopher (Kemp) . Therefore, the the natural army tree, ice crystal, pathless wood functions as proof of the wisdom of Robert Frost (Ke mp).The manipulation of nature in Robert Frosts poetry turns it into a character rather than a withdrawn force this character shares human emotion and fantasy and creates a very inviting fiction for the poems characters to live in. Not only does this word picture emphasize Frosts emotions, but it gives meaning to them. Robert Frosts intention with poetry was to express his feelings in an uplifting way, not to pour out his personal struggles in a form of self-pity, and through such an exact setting of a personal nature, he accomplished just that.