Biodiversity Of Punjab Shiwaliks Environmental Sciences Essay

Biodiversity Of Punjab Shiwaliks Environmental Sciences EssayThere is an increasing sentiency that biodiversity is not only intimately interconnected with yen term wellness and vigor of the biosphere as an indicator of global environment but similarly as a regulator of ecosystem answering. Tropical communities atomic fig 18 lots worsened susceptible to loss of biologic diversity than temperate communities because tropical species be occur in lower densities and atomic number 18 less widely distributed and often discombobulate weaker dispersal capabilities. increase benignant intervention and excessive maturation of resources set out gisted in great kinds and run alarming signals of accelerated biodiversity loss. The effected species level come on for biodiversity management has study limitations. A major interpolate in the understanding the priorities of biodiversity conservation and management has resulted in a constitution shift from conservation of supersta r species to their habitats finished interactive ne dickensrk of species at beautify painting level is considered master(prenominal) (Orians, 1993 Edward et al., 1994).Biodiversity give the sackister be re awarded at mixed levels of organization, manage eithereles or geno emblemsetters cases within a population, species or ecosystem crosswise a comescape or even a planet. There is a growing need for better understanding of the biodiversity statistical distribution pattern vis--vis man interventions. India have very varied environmental conditions and argon among the countries with high biodiversity. The blossom plants, which provide maximum direct benefit to reality, comprise just about 19395 taxa, which is about 7% of the described species in the world (Karthikeyan, 2000). The vast stretches of coastal knocking in south and high mountains species of Himalayas in the north provide a complex environmental set up or niches for plant and animals. It has resulted in the f ormation micro-endemic centres of plants in the country. The great heights and complex terrain of the Himalayan region, which change frequently, provide endless microclimatic conditions suitable to the species to grow and evolve. The Himalayas have more than 5 micro-endemic centres. Shiwalik ranges are mavin much(prenominal) mirco-endemic centre. roughly 125 wild relatives of go plants have been reported in the western Himalayas and Shiwaliks ranges are part of these. These ranges are among the youngest hills in the world and are active as well as fragile. Shiwalik hills of Punjab state have rich biological diversity and act as major inhering green belt of the state. The state is well cognize for agricultural produce and industries. But the degradational activity coupled with the destruction of woods in the name of developmental activities has altered the natural lendscape of the region to a great extent. It is facing threat for its very existence again from mankind in the name development. Because of these increased anthropogenic activities, as a result of population explosion and change in land use practices, the natural embellish has been modified which has resulted in atomisation of woodwind instruments with poor species composition. Hence the resulting landscape mosaic is a mixture of natural and human managed patches that vary in coat, shape and arrangement. none it is realized that we must move from the conservation of single species to scales beyond individual sites and levels of organization. Understanding landscape spatial pattern is tout ensemble-important(a) since it contains each(prenominal) levels of the biological hierarchy, from ecosystems to species and genes, which are targeted for biodiversity conservation.Remote sensing technology is organism widely utilize world over for the quick assessment of the public resources. Because it being a cost effective and repetitive in genius with synoptic passages technology, has endle ss application potentials. The technology assumes significance in equipment casualty of conservation of natural resources as it provides birds eye view of the ecosystems or landscapes or regions and their status, because conservation is now not limited to a plant or species but much beyond that. Vegetation is composed of several communities and these communities may occur in patches of small to large size and in dissimilar shapes. Vegetation composition of these patches is governed by several environmental factors, and there exists a relationship of the biological splendour with sector of the timberland and the influence of biotic factors. Ecologists have formal the relationship among these environmental and biotic factors with the biodiversity. Patches can be characterized base on their size, shape, location, sports stadium etc. in through geospatial simulate in Geographic Information Systems (GIS). Thus various factors can be simultaneously considered and processed in G IS.In this report, plant subject role out r severallyd from satellite selective information was considered as prime input signal for landscape bionomical analysis of forest ecosystem. Geographic Information System (GIS) is utilize to acquire landscape indices such as fragmentation, porosity, patchiness, patch tautness, interspersion and juxtaposition, which depict landscape characteristics. These indices were integrated with biotic pressure zones to depict flicker gradient in the learn arena. Phytosociological entropy accumulate from business line sampling was analyzed to derive species richness, biodiversity value and ecosystem uniqueness of various forest types. Ancillary databases such as propinquity from the roads/villages, terrain complexity etc. were derived in GIS domain. All to a higher place inputs were integrated in systematic manner by assigning germane(predicate) weightages to derive maps showing disturbance gradient and biological richness. The result ant maps highlighting areas that are biologically rich.2. Study flying range2.1 Physical Climatic placeThe study was carried out in the Shiwalik hills of Punjab state having geographic area of 9448.97 km2 and set in north western part of the state. It lies between latitude 30o 34 10.82 and 32o 33 02.96 N and longitude 74o 50 30.30 and 76o 52 51.26 E. It is broadly divided into fill in-mountainous Himalayas and the eastern and western alluvial plains. The important rivers draining the region are the Sutlej and the Beas. The add up annual rainfall varies between 400 to 600 mm and the mean annual temperature ranges from 22.500 C to 25.00 C.2.2 GeologyThe composition of the Shiwalik deposits shows they are nothing else than the alluvial detritus derived from the sub aerial waste of mountains, swept down by their numerous rivers and streams and deposited at their foot. This process was very much like what the existing river systems of the Himalayas are doing at present day on t heir emerging to the plains of Punjab. An important difference is that the spring alluvial deposits now making up the Shiwalik systems have been involved in the latest Himalayan systems of upheavals, by which they have been folded and elevated into their outer nigh foot-hills, although the oldest flood of many an different(prenominal) parts of northern India serves to bridge the gap between the newest Shiwaliks and the present alluvium.2.3 LithologyThe Shiwalik system is a great thickness of detrital rocks, such as coarsely bedded backbonestones, sand-rock, clay and conglomerates, measuring between 4,500 and 5,200 m in thickness. The bulge of formation is very closely similar to the materials constituting the modern alluvia of rivers. The lithology of the Shiwliks suggests their origin they are chiefly the water-worn debris of the granitic core of the central Himalaya, deposited in the long and broad valley of the Shiwaliks. The upper coarse conglomerates are the alluvial fans or talus-cones at the emergence of the mountain streams the great thickness of the clay and sand represents the silts and finer sediments of the river laid down in the lower plain. The weathering of the Shiwalik rocks has been proceeding at an extraordinally rapid rate since their deposition, and strictly abrupt forms of topography have been evolved in this comparatively picture period. Gigantic escarpments and dip-slopes separated by broad longitudinal surpass valleys and intersected by deep meandering ravines of the transverse streams-surface features, which are the most parking area elements of Shiwalik topography. The strike is remarkably constant in a Northwest-Southeast direction, with only brief local anaesthetic swerves, while it is almost always in strict elevations.3. gain Use PatternThe recorded forest area (including ironical broadleaf set off) of Shiwalik hills of Punjab state is 1599.42 km2, which constitutes 16.93% total geographic area. The major forest types are dry broad-leaved, wet broadleaf, dry broad-leafed chaparral and coniferous forest. The non-forest area such as agriculture, grassland, water body, canals, settlements, riverbed and barren land contributes 7849.55 km2 which constitutes 83.07% of the total geographical area.3.1 Vegetation type(a) Northern dry mixed broadleaf forest (5B/C2)In most localities the channelize canopy has been seriously overturned by human activities, results in scattered tree and small shrubs. This forest is reign by Acacia catechu, Anogeissus latifolia with the association of Lannea coromandalica, Aegle marmelos, Ehretia laevis, genus Mallotus philippensis, Nyctanthus arbor-tritis, Dendrocalamus strictus etc.(b) run dry bamboo stop (5E9)Only one species Dendrocalamus strictus occurs and forms relatively low brakes with a sprinkling of the tree and shrubs of dry broad-leaved forest such as Anogeissus latifolia, Lannea coromandelica etc.(c) ironic broadleaf scrub (DS1)A low broken soil c over of shrubby growth 3 to 6 m high including some tree species reduced to similar conditions, usually many stemmed from the base. The community is dominated by Woodfordia fruiticosa, Carrissa opaca, and Nyctanthus arbor-tristis with the some association genus Dodonaea viscosa, Aegle mormelos, Cassia fistula, and Acacia catechu.(d) Khair-Sissu forests (5/1S2)Dalbergia sissoo predominates in this association. The canopy is open associated with Acacia catechu. The honest-to-goodness woods have more or less definite under storey, which is mainly composed of young species and few species of Tamarix dioca, Acacia fernesiana, Cannabis sativa and grasses like Saccharum spontaneum, Erianthus munja etc.(e) Shiwalik chir languish forest (9/C1)The pine stands one by one or in groups with a scattered with lower broad-leaved tree story on the ridge and side slopes. There is usually a fairly continuous growth of xerophytic shrubs occurs as under-storey phytology. Pinus roxburghii is associat ed with Mallotus philippensis, Pyrus pashia, Syzygium cuminii, Albizzia chinensis, Acacia catechu, and Terminalia chebula.(f) Subtropical genus Euphorbia scrub (9/C1/DS2)Euphorbia royleana forms consociations sometimes of considerable extent. Their distribution is related to edaphic factors, notably dry rocky ridges, where biotic pressure has been high.4. addressBiodiversity characterization satellite remotely feel data is being employ for deriving botany cover type map. The vegetation type thus derived represents the habitats and their surroundings. These patches of the different forest types occur randomly as per the existing environmental conditions. Using landscape ecological principals these can be analyzed and quantified. Some of these parameters are fragmentation, porosity, juxtapositions, interspersion etc. and indices are derived to show their characteristics. Proximity of forests to road and villages and their carry on is established. All these layers are overlaid t o support disturbance index. Disturbance index image is the important for characterizing and identifying least or no disturbed areas (Fig. 1). demesne observations are taken through secern random sampling in all the forest types. Their economic uses have been found from literature. Total grandness Value (TIV) of each plant is established for its value for food, fuel wood, charcoal, timber, medicine etc. Ecosystem uniqueness is established from the inclination of the species found during survey based on its representativeness, speciesFig 1 Approach for Biodiversity mental picture at adorn Level UsingRemote detection and GIS (after Roy et al., 1998)endemism etc. Biological richness is obtained after integrating species richness, biological value, disturbance index, ecosystem uniqueness, terrain complexity.5. Materials and Methodology5.1 MaterialsFollowing satellite remote sensing data have been used for land cover and land use assortment of the area ( prorogue 1). card 1 Detail s of satellite data usedSatellite IDPathRowDateIRS-1D LISS III934812 Oct. 2000IRS-1D LISS III944803 Nov. 2000IRS-1D LISS III944903 Nov. 2000IRS-1D LISS III954931 Oct. 2000IRS-1D LISS III955031 Oct. 20005.2 Ancillary dataSurvey of India topo sheets on 150,000 have been used. Relevant literature on flora has been consulted.5.2 Vegetation Cover type mapping5.3.1 Preprocessing of satellite dataIRS-1D LISS-III data (Oct, 2000 and March, 2001) were used to prepare vegetation cover type map. A total five candidates were loaded and each scene was rectified with respect to 150,000 scale SOI toposheet (Total 32 toposheets were used, geometrically corrected and mosaicked to a single image). A second order work shift was followed. Average root mean square error within one pixel was maintained while preparing transformation model. Lambert Conformal Conic acoustic projection (LCC) was used during rectification of image (Fig. 2). Each rectifiedFig. 2 FCCscene was subjected to radiometric correct ion before mosaicing it to a single mosaic image. After descent of required area from this single mosaic image, it was subjected to Supervised upper limit likelihood mixture using the ground truth information hoard during the fieldwork.5.3.2 Ground truthingReconnaissance survey was carried out in the area to acquire the fellowship of the vegetation and other broad land uses. During reconnaissance information on the correlation of image elements with that of ground features was also obtained. Interpretation key was hypothesize and furcateification was performed.5.3.3 Vegetation ClassificationBased on the a priori cognition supervised classification method was followed. Training sites were selected and processed and the features with high classification accuracy were extracted. Using binary image the remaining area was extracted and unattended classification method was performed. The classified output was finally subjected hybrid classification shape up to prepare vegetation type map of the study area showing various vegetation types. The accuracy of the image was evaluated using field knowledge and the ground truth information. Along with the different types of forest, other public lands use / land cover classes were also classified so as to understand the landscape of the region. Following forest classes have been delineated and a comparison with Champion and Seths (1968) classifications scheme is stipulation below (Table 2).List of the land cover and land use classes identified on the satellite data.dampish deciduous forestDry deciduous forestDry deciduous scrub (Lantana)Coniferous forestGrass land grove/ lane treesAgricultureWater bodySettlementRiverbed/ perfect(a) landTable 2Vegetation classes compared With Champion Seths ClassificationSatellite based classification of vegetation typesChampion and Seth Classification (1968) moist deciduous forestDry bamboo brakesKhair-sissu forestDry deciduous forestNorthern dry mixed deciduous forestDry deciduo us forestDry deciduous scrubSubtropical EuphorbiascrubDry deciduous scrubPineShiwalik chirpine forest5.3 Field dataOne of the most important components of biodiversity characterization is the information on plants or species richness. Information on plant species is further processed for evaluating other parameters like Total wideness Value, Ecosystem Uniqueness, Biodiversity value etc. There it is important that well distributed enough adjudicate are taken for information on species occurrence. Classified vegetation cover type has been used for finding the attempt size. Sampling intensity of 0.021 % has been done. high sample intensity is adopted (than recommended) in view of variability in the area.5.4.1 Sampling designStratified Random sampling approach was followed and amount of sample points were distributed to its probability proportional to its size. Field data was collected from 74 sample points of 2020 m size during October 2000 (Table 3). The sample plans of 20x20m w ere used for tree species and nested approach and nested approach has been followed for laying sample plots of 10x10m for shrubs and 1x1m plot (five plots) for herbaceous layer.The data was collected on following parameters in each of the sample plot.Description of ecosystem and forest type including phenologySpecies name and number of individuals for every speciesGirth at white meat height in centimetersEconomic importance such as grazing, medicinal, human food, fuel, timber, charcoal and other uses such as industrial use, rope making, whipstitch leather etc. This importance value was collected by interviewing local people interviewing wherever possible and from literature.The data was analyzed for deriving various indices indicating biodiversity value, species richness and ecosystem uniqueness for different forest types.Table 3 The distribution of sample points in each of the forest typesfound in all the Shiwalik Hills of Punjab stateForest TypeNo. of sample plotsMoist deciduous 32Dry deciduous31Deciduous scrub7Pine forest4Total74Database of all the species collected was created in MS Excel for further processing, details have been provided in the section on phytosociological analysis.6. Database Creation in GISIn geo-spatial analysis desegregation of spatial and non-spatial data or vector data is important. As discussed ahead the biotic disturbance had played a very significant situation in existing biodiversity of toady. Database in GIS domain provides opportunity to analyze their impact zones. Therefore, the following maps were digitized from ancillary sources for their integrationVillage locations point and polygon features) course and railway networksContour lines with 20m intervalsThe road and settlement maps were used as input in further analysis for deriving disturbance gradient. Contour map was used to prepare digital terrain model using ERDAS IMAGINE 8.4 software.7. Landscape AnalysisThe approaches for biodiversity characterization discussed in the literature contains several broad categories such as genetically based approach, species based approach, ecosystem based approach, and integrative approach. The approach adopted in present study is integrative method that includes significance of ecological, social, and cultural factors to the biodiversity in addition to biological factors. The approach used for the study focuses on following aspectsRapid assessment for monitoring of biodiversity loss and/or gainMapping of biological richness to understand its spatial nature, that helps in planning and executionThe customized big money Bio_CAP is developed at Indian show of Remote Sensing, Dehradun to carry out multi-criteria spatial analysis. The satellite data provide key input i.e. vegetation type, which is used for deriving several landscape indices (fragmentation, porosity, patchiness, interspersion, and juxtaposition) depicting status of forest ecosystem. Ancillary database on roads and settlements has been used to prep are propinquity buffer map and contour map is used to prepare terrain complexity map. All these parameters were integrated together with the field data on species richness, ecosystem uniqueness and biodiversity value. The ultimate result is the map that depicts areas categorized as per disturbance index.7.1 Landscape analysis using Bio_CAPThe field data, vegetation type map and ancillary GIS data (roads, village locations, and contour) were analyzed using Bio_CAP (Biodiversity Characterization Programme) a customized package to prepare various indices depicting landscape characteristics. fragmentation has been the major cause of biodiversity loss and has been measured as a number of forest and non-forest patches in per unit area.Patchiness is a measure of the density of patches of all forest types or number of clusters in a given affect or area.Porosity is a measure of number of patches or density of patches within a particular type vegetation, normally primary vegetation type(s), regardless of patch size.Interspersion is a count of dissimilar neighbour pixels (feature) with respect to central pixel (feature) of a particular grid or measurement of the spatial intermixing of the vegetation types.Juxtaposition is a measure of proximity and adjacency of two or more vegetation types. Higher weightage is given to the classes who share or are likely to share more boundary. forgiving influence zone is dependent on socio-economic set-up of the area/region and proximity the forest resources and can vary from 0.5 km to 5 km or even more. Proximity buffer or zone of influence from the roads and human settlements has been prepared.7.2 Disturbance IndexDisturbance has direct impact on the occurrence of plants and animals or biodiversity. Disturbance regimes provide an insight into the impacted area and its degree of impact under various vegetation or other natural resources. Disturbance Index has been considered here as a function of fragmentation, porosity, patchiness, interspersion, juxtaposition and influence zones or distance for the source. The analysis has been performed in the customized GIS package called Bio-CAP for this purpose.7.3 Biological RichnessBiological forms of any area reflect the environmental conditions supporting the growth and evolution. Recently emphasis has been to look at the ecosystems (micro-climatic variations) or landscape diversity and its utility for conservation rather than one species. Therefore, the biological richness here has been considered as a function of ecosystem uniqueness, biodiversity value, species richness, Terrain complexity (computed through DTM by determining variance in DTM values) and most importantly disturbance index. The details of these parameters have been discussed elsewhere (Roy et al., 1999).8. Observation Highlights8.1 Vegetation Classification crisscross approach has been followed to do the digital classification of the data set (Fig. 3). Table 4 summarizes the results of classification in the region. Forest types viz., moist deciduous, dry deciduous, pine and dry deciduous scrub together constitute about 1404.06 Km, which is about 14.65 per cent of the total geographical area of the region. Non-forest classes such as agriculture, plantation, riverbed, barren land, settlement, grassland and water body makes up about 85.35 per cent of the geographical area. Amongst the forests, dry deciduous forest hasFig.3 classified mapwide distribution in the region from Chandigarh to Pathankot and covers an area of 775.85 Km. Dry deciduous scrub is the next dominant forest type of the region which is mainly be with Lantana scrub distributed throughout the region and then followed by moist deciduous forest found in Dhar, Pathankot, Dholba, Talwara, Nangal, Noorpur in a fragmented patches. And coniferous forest covers an area of 6.51 Km and is localized on the higher ridges or side slopes in the northern part of the Pathankot district.Table 4Area under different Land cover / lan d use classes in the regionLand use / cover classArea in km2Moist deciduous forest276.46Dry deciduous forest775.85Dry deciduous scrub (Lantana)345.24Coniferous forest6.51Grass land38.24Plantation/Avenue trees211.04Agriculture7443.22Water body78.94Settlement178.46Riverbed/Barren land238.19Total9592.159. Phyto-sociological analysisPhytosociological analysis was carried out to understand the floristic and vegetation pattern in the region. For the phytosociological analysis the vegetation types were grouped into five major types. Based on the species area curves developed initially an optimized field plots size of 2020 m was adopted uniformly for all the types. In each plot all the species names height, girth, herbs and shrubs were recorded. The phytosociological database was created and computed the basic structural parameters viz. frequency, basal area and density. Utilizing these parameters the importance value index (IVI) was calculated for all the types (Annexure-II).Fig.4 Graphica l creation of Land use/land cover types and theirDistribution.9.1 Species richness (Shannon- weaver Index)Species richness can be described as the number of the species in a sample or habitat per unit area. Higher the value greater the species richness. Species richness (Shannon Weaver Index) was measured using importance value index (Table 5, 6). Dry deciduous forest shows highest diversity (3.5361) with total number of 363 species followed by moist deciduous (3.0959) with moist deciduous forests then dry deciduous scrub (2.2666) having 77 species and coniferous forest shows least diversity (1.6207) with 58 species (Fig. 5).Table 5 Biodiversity status in the Shiwalik hills of Punjab stateForest TypeNo. ofFamiliesNo. of SpeciesTotal no. ofSpeciesTotal Importance ValueTreesShrubsHerbsMoist deciduous3642249516110.46Dry deciduous311417514736310.53Deciduous scrub2571258779.75Pine1171536588.01Table 6 Forest type wise Shannon Weaver Index in the Shiwalik hills ofPunjab stateForest TypeAv erage ultra Area (m2)Shannon WeaverIndex SWI (H)Moist deciduous38.4123.0959Dry deciduous22.9483.5361Deciduous scrub8.1332.2666Pine6.531.62079.2 Economically principal(prenominal) SpeciesEconomically Important plants are the species, which have social and economic value. In the Shiwalik hills of Punjab state 240 economically important plants were recorded. The total importance value (TIV) for each species was calculated considering 10 important uses. The parameters considered are (1). Food (2). furnish (3). Fodder (4). Fiber (5). step (6). Medicinal (7). Oil (8). Gums/Resins (9). tannic acid and (10). Others. These 10 parameters have been weighted for a scale of 1 to 10 wherein maximum value represents highest economic value. Maximum total importance value was observed in dry deciduous type (TIV of 10.53) and coniferous type has the least value (TIV of 8.01) (Table 7). Some of the economically important species are Acacia catechu, Achyranthes aspera, Adhatoda zeylanica, Ageratum conyzoides, Azadiracta indica, Cannabis sativa, Moringa oleifera, etc. List of 232 economically important species and their uses were given in the Annexure II.Fig 5 Species distribution in each habit typeTable 7 Total Importance Value of different vegetation typesForest TypeTIV %Moist deciduous10.46Dry deciduous10.53Deciduous scrub9.75Pine8.019.3 Medicinal PlantsAbout 132 medicinally important species have been recorded during the sampling. Medicinal usage of these plants occurring in Shiwalik hills of Punjab have been compiled from available literature sources. Some of the important medicinaly important plants are Adhatoda zeylanica, Aegle marmelos, Azadirachta indica, Bacopa monnieri, Cordia dichotoma, Terminlaia chebula, Terminalia bellirica etc. and the list has bee furnished (Annexure.IV). Table 8 provide overview of the per cent utile species.Table 8 Percent utilizable species for Total Importance value (TIV)Forest typeUSESFoodFuelFodderFiberTimberMedicinalOilGums/ ResinTanni nOthersDD11.150.799.099.810.231.665.023.55.189.83MD12.72.366.947.912.632.10.650.861.38.45DS10.052.219.069.319.5531.616.373.186.618.09PN008.520020.780002.35Total33.95.3633.6127.0222.35116.1512.047.5413.0928.729.4 Ecological importanceThe species recorded during the field data collection were screened for their uniqueness with help of RED DATA hand (Anonymous, 1987, 1988, 1990) and many other references. All the species recorded were abundant in nature. However, two species were found to be rare, viz., Delphinium danudatum Wall. ex HK.f.Th and Peristylus constrictus (Lindl.) Lindl.10. Results of Landscape analysis10.1 FragmentationIncreasing anthropogenic activities created discontinuity in the natural vegetation cover gets fragmented and the class becomes porous. Thus, fragmentation analysis of a land use class is an important landscape characteristic, which defines the status of that class in the present day context. Among all the characteristics of the landscape, fragmentation is more significant. Hence, the results of fragmentation are being discussed. For analysis of fragmentation in the forest, the vegetation map was reclassified as forest and non-forest classes, which resulted in a new spatial layer. A grid cel

Evaluating the Growth and Competitive Strategy of Coca Cola

Evaluating the reaping and Competitive outline of coca plant plant sessINTRODUCTIONThe Coca- pinhead Company is the benas doublest beverage familiarity, largest manufacturer and commercializeer of non- wet beverage concent computes and syrups in the world and in unriv e very last(predicate)ed of the largest corporations in the United States. The Company is go around kn stimulate for its flagship harvest Coca-Cola, invented by pharmacist John Stith Pemberton at battle of Atlanta USA, in 1886. They utilize to make Coca-Cola syrup by melted sugar, water, and some other ingredients (especially coca plant leaf and the kola nut). Frank M. Robinson, Pembertons bookkeepers, was the person who suggested the name Coca-Cola. The federation has 92,400 employees in two hundred+ countries. It refreshes the consumers nearly 1.6 gazillion per day. The companys portfolio includes 13 billion dollar brands.The Coca-Cola Company is a nonalcoholic beverage brands which is the worlds lar gest manufacturer, distributor. It is worlds close worthy brands where the company got license for much than five hundred nonalcoholic beverage brands in the main sparkling beverages and a mergeture of still beverages such(prenominal) as water, succuss, teas and coffees, zip fastener and sports drinks. Basically, the company receives beverage concentrates and syrups which be sold to authorized bottling and stinkerning executions (which argon called Bottlers) where they manufacture the concentrates and syrups to produce complete beverage reapings (The Coca- smoke, 2009). It has worlds largest distribution ne devilrks through bottling partners, distributors, wholesalers, and retailers. pecuniary POSITION tax US$ 31.0 trillion (FY 2009)Operating income US$ 8.23 Billion (FY 2009)Net Income US$ 5.82 Billion (FY 2009) issue forth Assets US$ 48.7 Billion (FY2009) bestow Equity US$ 24.8 Billion (FY2009)One year yield 3.0%Income Growth 17.5%Employee Growth 0.4%Coca-Cola, a $62 Bn Brand(The Coca-Cola, Annual Report, 2009)COMPETITIORSPepsiCoNestle S.A.Dr black pepper Snapple pigeonholingCadbury Schweppes plcGroup Dan one and only(a)nessKraft Foods Inc.THE COCA-COLA COMPANYS GROWTH1886-1892 The Coca-Cola Company was acquired the complete possession of its backing by Asa Candler for $2300 in 1891. In 1898 the company entered the market of Canada and Mexico.1893-1904 An wile into a communication channel, introduced promotion, advertisement, building plants in Chicago, Dallas and Los Angeles, establishing first bottling franchises.1905-1918 Cuba and Panama became the first two countries outside the U.S. to bottle the Coca-Cola. The company started delivering a unique bottle to operate stack argon getting real Coca-Cola with free of cocaine, and introduced peeled bring into being of coke bottle.1919-1940 The Company was sold for $25 meg to Atlanta banker Ernest sweet woodruff and a group of investors in 1919. The Company established a manufacturing o peration in France in 1923. The company became the public limited at $40 per dish out. It delivered 53 countries worldwide.1940-1959 Expanding in 120 countries, promoting the word COKE, setting up parvenue Coca-Cola plants in North the States and Europe.1960-1981 Expanding with advancedfound flavors, Fanta, Sprite, TAB, Fresca, acquiring the Minute maid Company, promoting exciting and dynamic advertisement. In 1960, metal cans were introduced first clipping which atomic good turn 18 now avail adequate in the market.1982-1989 165 countries enjoyed Coca-Cola, introducing Diet coke, Cherry blast.1990-1999 200 Countries enjoyed Coca-Cola, cerebrated with Sports including the Olympic Games and FIFA World Cup.2000-Now More than 200 countries enjoy Coke, delivering global market platform.Ingredients and PackagingThe Coca-Colas Manufacturing and Distribution ProcessIngredients and Bulk PackagingConcentrate Plants manoeuvre harvest-tideion and Sales FacilitiesThird-Party Transpor t by Rail/RoadSales grocerying EquipmentConsumersCustomers e.g.Tesco, Asda(Coca- dummy Enterprise, 2009, bodily Responsibility and Sustain susceptibility Report)THE COCA-COLA BUSINESS SYSTEMThe Coca-Cola Company and/or subsidiaries only produce syrup concentrate which is accordingly sold to various bottlers passim the world who hold a Coca-Cola franchise. The Coca-Cola bottlers, who hold territorially exclusive contracts with the company, produce finished product in cans and bottles from the concentrate in combination with filtered water and sweeteners. The bottlers thus sell, set apart and merchandise the yielding Coca-Cola product to retail stores, vending machines, balance wheelaurants and food do distributors.The Coca-Cola Enterprise (CCE) is the largest bottler of Coca-Cola beverage who manufactures and distributes the most popular beverage brands in the world. The CCE is one of more than than 300 bottling companies CCE delivered somewhat 41 billion bottles and cans in 2009. It represents more or less 16 % of total Coca-Cola product volumes. It creates revenues of $21.6 billion, with free cash flow of $872 million (Coca-Cola Enterprise, 2009). In North America, it operates 46 U.S States and all 10provinces of Canada, composed of five business units. It has 59 out repose signal facilities and 314 principal distribution facilities. It also has 59000 employees in US Canada. In Europe, it has 16 beverage payoff facilities and 35 principal distributors facilities with approximately 1 one C0 employees.(www.answer.com)THE COCA-COLAS USE OF STRATEGIC CHOICESStrategic options ar concerned with decisions active an organizations time to come day and the way in which it has to respond to the myriad of pressures and influences as a result of its immediate and macro environment. To this end there are three canonical creams to be do as shown below.Strategic choicesStrategic choicesMethods for engage strategiesThe choices about how strategies are t o be pursued scheme directionsThe choices of products and markets avail equal to(p) to an organizationBases of private-enterprise(a) StrategyThe choices as how to an organization positions itself in relation to competitorsBases of matched Strategy directions Methods for pursuingStrategy strategiesWhittington (2008, p. 217)Bases of competitive strategyThis area has to do with how Coca-Cola has positioned itself in relation to its competitors. The Coca-Cola Company competes in the non-alcoholic beverages segment of the mercenary beverages fabrication. The non-alcoholic beverages segment of the commercial beverages industry is extravagantlyly competitive, consisting of legion(predicate) firms. These include firms that, worry Coca-Cola, compete in multiple geographic areas, as well as firms that are in the first arrange regional or local in operation. Competitive products include some non-alcoholic sparkling beverages various water products, including packaged, flavored and e nhanced waters juices and nectars fruit drinks and dilatable (including syrups and powdery drinks) coffees and teas cypher and sports and other practiceance-enhancing drinks dairy-based drinks functional beverages and various other non-alcoholic beverages. These competitive beverages are sold to consumers in both ready-to-drink and other than ready-to-drink form. In some of the countries in which Coca-Cola does business, including the United States, PepsiCo. Inc. is one of its primary competitors. Other significant competitors include, Nestl, Dr Pepper Snapple Group, Inc., Group DANONE, Kraft Foods Inc, and Unilever etc. In certain markets, its competition includes beer companies. Coca-Cola also competes against numerous regional and local firms and, in some markets, against retailers that stir developed their own store or private label beverage brands.The strategy measure competitive strategy option lastDifferentiation24HybridFocuse differentiation53Perceived Product/ Service2 Low outlay6No frills71Strategies destined for ultimate failure8LowHighLowPriceWhittington (2008, pp. 225)The strategy clock above represents different positions in a market, where clients or possible customers have different requirement in hurt of value for bills. Coca-Cola has therefore taken the strategy option of hybrid, in which case it maintains its price but tries to differentiate itself from competitors. The Company has had a mix of pricing, advertisement, sales promotion programs, product innovation, addd efficacy in production techniques, the introduction of new packaging, new vending and dispensing equipment, and brand and trademark maturation and protection. In this regard Coca-Cola has increased its annual marketing budget substantially, hurled many new products, and developed a model to help its retail customers maximize their sales while it continue to plan for the future. The risk of this choice is that one could lose market share due to its low prices but th en it can be tackled through economies of scale where the company produces in large quantities to c all oer monetary value and tries to penetrate different geographies as is the case of Coca-Cola. This choice has actually proved beneficial to Coca-Cola even though its market share has not grown tremendously as one would think over the last ten years but it definitely has a very much higher market share than its competitors, especially Pepsi Co. This has been possible for Coca-Cola due to its recognise brand name and strong presence in so many geographies including Africa, Asia, Europe, Latin America, North America and the Pacific spanning across 200 countries.Strategy DirectionThis has to do with the scope of a company in terms of its products. Over the last few years Coca-Cola has introduced a lot of products to its portfolio, including the modern Coca-Cola zero, which sold more than 600 million cases globally. Today Coca-Cola does not only mess hall in non-alcoholic well-to-d o drinks, but it also makes a lot of juices and juice drinks, still and carbonate products. As a matter of fact Coca-Cola has more than 3,300 products in more than 200 countries. In general one can rightly offer that Coca-Cola has gone into variegation since it has not only shifted from soft drink to juices and even energy drinks but has also ventured and penetrated larger market over the years. Diversification is simply a strategy that takes the organization away(p) from both its endureing market and its existing products. We have therefore used the Ansoff matrix below to identify the strategy direction which Coca-Cola is fetching stroke D, which is diversification. The Ansoff matrix provides a simplified way of generating four basic substitute directions for strategic development.Strategic directions (ansoff matrix)ProductsExisting NewA B trade penetration Product developmentConsolidationC DMarket development DiversificationExistingMarketsNewWhittington, (2008, p.258)Diversi fication happened to be a good strategic option for Coca-Cola as it helped the Company to break new grounds in business. For instance a new product like the Coca-Cola zero did so well in terms of sales. This therefore squeeze positively on the companys market share. Again shifting from soft drinks to energy and sports drinks also gave Coca-Cola an opportunity of a larger market share.However diversification can be pileus intensive as not all organizations go forth be able to cope with the finances involved since a lot of finances lead be needed to go into look for and development for the new product. For instance Pepsi- booby once came up with a new product called Meca cola but it wasnt masteryful and the product was withd in the altogethern afterward on. Surely there bequeath be a lot of enquiry laboratory works and feasibility studies to go with a new product and this will equally require skilled heap getting involved and consequently hiring more employees so if the organ ization does not have enough finances it may not be able to cope. Again the organization which decides to veer will put in place an adequate amount of public awareness in terms of advertisements and trainings. This may involve using give-and-take papers, television, internet etc. All these can be very bulky for an organization so suffice it to say that diversification requires careful planning.Methods for pursuing strategiesMost of Coca-Cola products are manufactured and sold by its bottling partners. The Company typically sells concentrates and syrups to its bottling partners, who convert them into finished packaged products which they sell to distributors and other customers. Separate contracts (Bottlers Agreements) exist between the Company and each of its bottling partners regarding the manufacture and sale of Company products. beat to qualify terms and conditions and certain variations, the Bottlers Agreements largely authorize the bottlers to prepare specified Company Tr ademark Beverages, to package the same in authorized containers, and to distribute and sell the same in (but, subject to applicable local law, generally only in) an identified territory. The bottler is obligated to purchase its entire requirement of concentrates or syrups for the designated Company Trademark Beverages from the Company or Company-authorized suppliers. Coca-Cola agrees to refrain from selling or distributing, or from authorizing third parties to sell or distribute, the designated Company Trademark Beverages throughout the identified territory in the particular authorized containers.The Coca-Cola Company has created and obtaind a strategic lock-in such that it has achieved dominance in the industry. For instance many people will think of Coke once they think of using or taking a soft drink.Strategic ImplementationInternational strategic management is divided by Strategies monitoring, goal setting, strategies formulation, strategic implementation. Mostly, companies is going to hardiness challenges when they implement their strategies. There are following challenges such as ohmic resistance to neuter and inertiaInsufficient attention to contextWrong choice of style for managing the changeEducation, participation, intervention, direction, coercionInsufficient understanding of power and governmental processesLack of clarityLack of stakeholder confirmInsufficient resources or capabilities affirm in example coca cola Company decided to send a new product in the market. So they consider with how do they decide what new product to sell? And who to sell them to? After that company has to do market research through the hypothesis test. They can do research two manners. Such as primary data and tributary data methods. According to coca cola company products they can do the following research such asDesk research which is identify their flutter in the market in particular productDetailed research which is using small groups like qualitative research such as survey.Quantitative research which is a large scale surveys to collect information. This method can identify which type of product and what design of product running game test market which is a sample that mean company launch their product in the market after finishing and if consumers like the product they can increase their production and tracking conquest of product and in the other hand if consumers dont like the product they can stop their new product activities.PeoplePeople are a most priceless asset and greatest indebtedness in any organization. If people dont perform well with productivity standards, provide good service business that will affect the organization business is doomed. Mostly organization select the people who can do get more jobs done, developed implement support program to the people and sell their goods and services. Employees are the best source of competitive advantage because cant copy by the customers. In case coca cola companys employees are sacrificing their competences within organization. They treated employees as good as well. They have to maintain their organizational structure to motivate their employees. As a reason that can do their work well done company needs to implementing compensation, performance management, training, reward and retention programs. Finally they may able to stave off competitors.They wanted caliber people for this century. They would use facts and the intimacy in order to add value to the organization. In any award everyone should have the same information in order quickly put it to effective and profitable use. They believed having right people in right place can create competitive advantage. People participate all levels of product delivery from production workers to salespeople and embodied managers in Coca-Cola Company. Rebuilding the coke tattle is important issues of people within the coca cola company.Coca cola company is unable to control their people internally because poor trea tment of public relations. In globalization Coca-Cola Company will increase well-disposed pressure say as community friendly. Coca cola Companys future profitability depends on societal marketing with on ethics and corporate social responsibility. Cola Company has challenge with profitability and responsibility into stakeholders such as consumers, customers, employees, communities, governments and environment.Culture is effect on Cola Company with their managers and workers. If they dont have straightaway and genial culture they will face among staff and managers plausibly say staffs will not be motivated to work say in example staff may have to lose their rest days. This cause will effect with staff will be degenerate from their day to day working and also not have time to enjoy with their family. I think Coca Cola Company has warm culture because success of their company mainly depends on their employees. They sacrificed their skills and ability on their particular task. Comp any has friendly environment and they motivated themselves.ResourcesAppropriate resources are time, money, talent and tools. Water is a main source of coca cola companys products. It is a limited resource. Which is availability, quality and sustainability nature resource? In attachment principal raw materials are nutritive and non- nutritive sweeteners. Nutritive sweeteners are High Fructose corn syrup (HFCS) and Sucrose. Which is form of sugar? Which are available from numerous domestic sources? Those are fluctuation of market price. Coca Cola Company has no experience in difficulty in nutritive sweetener.Coca cola bottlers sales and services (CCBSS) is limited liability Company owned by coca cola bottlers. Non-nutritive sweeteners are aspartame, acesulfame, potassium, saccharin, cyclamate, sucrose. These raw materials are ready to available from numerous sources. Aspartame is a important non-nutritive sweetener. This is used alone or mixed with other sweeteners.According to coca cola company has above production factors such as people, system, raw materials, capital and brands etc. focus on the last ten years coca cola company has changed within the production factors to improve their business efficiency and competitive with other companies. Mostly start of their production people is most part of their business. Increase the cost of production is going to affect to change magnitude the marginal revenue and increase the marginal cost. Coca cola has increase completion which that they can develop their business in globally. In the economics most part is production factors which are limited resources and scarcity. With the limited resource Coca Cola Company has many choices. They consider with opportunity cost. I suggest that Coca Cola Company is using more with their production through water. Water is unlimited resources. So they cant use without control. Because geographic condition is going to affect in the environment, that is also affected to people.fin anceCoca Cola Company is doing their business with not only their money but also they have debt. Due to coca cola is a global presence and strong capital position now. They can increase their funds through low effective cost. In order to they could achieve mix of short term and yen term debt and mix of determined rate and variable rate debt. As a result is unhorse overall cost of acceptation.Basically funds are vital in order invest in new asset including people, machinery. The structure change would require more funds in order to move encompassing(prenominal) to the customer. It considered how the company has been raised the fund both internally (retain profits) and externally (capital markets sources long term loans, share issues) over ten years. Lower interest rate is increase to consumer demand in economy. In this situation Coca Cola Company will increase their debt as result of low borrowing rates. It can use of debt on innovation of new products. In the pip of view Coca Cola Company has spent less cost and also sell low price to the people. Due to this low price people get feel cheaper products in coca cola. Most of the non alcoholic beverage industry particularly coca cola company has high sales due to they have got major role in success and growing market in non-alcoholic beverage industryThe non-alcoholic beverage industry has high sales in countries outside the U.S.According to the Standard and Poors persistence surveys, For major soft drink companies, 32 there has been economic improvement in many major international markets, such as Japan, Brazil, and Germany. These markets will continue to play a major role in the success and stable growth for a majority of the non-alcoholic beverage industry.This analysis basically examines the local, national and world economy impact which includes issues of inlet and inflation rates. Since the family 11 attack the world has been facing a rapid change with increase in perceptual constancy further more give to the period of recession there has been a cut in the interest rate by ten times due to which the companys can increase the use of debt as result of low borrowing rates. Cola company contracts with larger number of bottling partners in the world to increase their distribution of beverages. The Company has threatened of stability due to the dependent relationship that impact with bottling partners.GROWTH ACROSS in all CATEGORIES2008-2020 Percentage of NARTD Industry incremental GrowthVol.ValueSparkling17%24%Juice Juice Drink13%19%RTD teatime / Coffee18%13%ENERGY4%12%box Water25%10%Sports5%9%(The Coca-Cola, Annual Report, 2009) agreeable with Coca-Cola TM + Core and New in Developed and Emerging MarketsCOCA-COLA TMCORE AND NEWMEXICO3%12%TURKEY5%24%RUSSIA7%13%BRAZIL8%18%S AFRICA4%6%CHINA11%20%Volume CAGR 2005 2008Coca-Cola TM Growth Potential Is Just Beginning To Be Unlocked(2008 PER CAPITA)Delivering Through unique(p) Global brass CapabilitiesConsumerConsumer MarketingShopp erCoca-Cola GrowthFranchise LeadershipSystemCustomer Commercial LeadershipCONSUMER MARKETING1.6 Bn serving per day1 MM per minute206 CountriesCUSTOMER LEADERSHIP20 MM customer per week7 MM CoolersFRANCHISE LEADERSHIP$64 Bn add on chain900 + mfg operations8500 sales centers and warehouses500,000 vehiclesKEY SUCCESS FACTORSThe Coca-Cola Company is one of the largest, most successful and most widely recognized corporations in existence. Coca-Cola is a dominating force in the beverage industry and sets a very high standard of competition. Research shows that its trademark is recognized by over 94% of the worlds population. There are many factors contributing to Coca-Colas success. It is believed that their key success factors are Marketing, grounding, and Globalization.MARKETINGCoca- Cola is seen as one of the winning business model. They were among the pioneers of advertising techniques and styles used to capture the markets. Through its intense marketing campaigns, Coke has develop ed an image that is reflected in what we think of when we buy Coke and what we associate with drinking Coke. This image has been subconsciously installed in our brain by the advertising campaigns that show Coca-Cola associated with good times.Marketing Strategy of Coca-ColaSpeed up carbonated soft-drink growth, led by Coca-Cola.Selectively expand the family of beverage brands to oblige paying growth.Develop system productivity and capability together with bottling partners.Provide customers with ambition and consistency to generate growth across all channels.Direct investments to highest potential areas across markets.Drive efficiency and cost-effectiveness everywhere.Incorporated promotional activities.(Www. Scribd.com)INNOVATIONCoca-Cola has been able to continue to exist and develop in an ever-changing market because of its ability to steadily innovate and deliver new products. Coca-Cola began to a strategy referred to as play to win innovation. The company started operating in a modify environment that was unfeasible in few years ago. Now Coca-Cola offers nearly 500 different products in and is still dominating the beverage industry. This is made possible by the companys ability to innovate and adapt to changing markets. Innovation brings markets faster. To satisfy the needs of older consumers, the Company made sophisticated washing soda for social occasion. The Coca-Cola Company develops innovative premium brands, such as radiate Soft Drinks- now in 85 countries.New Burn intensified Soft Drinks- Now in 7 countries.Illy Coffee- Now in 18 countries.The Company is also acquiring and expanding premium brands, such as qualification Glaceau vitamin water will be next global brand.Investing in premium platforms, such as Innocent, Juice Smoothies, Lunch pack Smoothies, coulomb% NFC Orange Juice. Now they are in 11 countries in Europe.globalizationTodays big business takes place on a global scale, and Coca-Cola is no unlession. Technology is continually cha nging business, and these constant changes have been making it more feasible and profitable for business to expand their operations globally in order to serve all different types of diverse markets around the world. Coca-Cola is taking advantages of the large revenue opportunities made possible by participating in global market and now offers products in 200+ countries around the world.$ 20 TRILLION gross domestic product GROWTH BY 2020Global Real GDP ($T)$70$5020202008INCRIMENTAL GLOBAL GDP GROWTH RATE outlandish / REGIONPERCENTAGERest of the World21%China, India, Latin America39%USA21%Japan3%Europe16%THE COCA-COLAS CONFIDENCE IN THE BEVERAGE INDUSTRY LONG TERM OPPORTUNITIES5% CAGR145 Bn crusades4% CAGR$1,100 Bn55 Bn Cases Incremental Growth$500 Bn Incremental Growth90 Bn Cases$600 Bn2008202020082020Industry ValueIndustry Volume trend RECORD OF PROFITABLE GROWTHGROWTH SINCE 197722X16X13XXX6X9X4XXOperating IncomeNet RevenueOperating IncomeOperating IncomeNet RevenueNet RevenueTotal WorldRest of WorldUNITED STATESHEALTHY SYSTEM investment TO GROWHigher MarginReinvesting -Long termImproving Profitability crownwork ExpendituresReturn on Invested CapitalEBIT / Revenue14.9%14.6%11.2%13.8%$4 Bn$6 Bn2005200820052008200520088 resemblance of Five Year Cumulative Among The Coca-Cola Company, The Peer Group Index and The SP 500 IndexTotal Return Stock Price Plus Reinvested DividendsKOPeer GroupSP31/12/04$100$100$10031/12/05$99$111$10531/12/06$122$132$12131/12/07$160$158$12831/12/08$121$120$8131/12/09$158$146$102The total return assumes that dividends were reinvested quarterly and is based on a $100 investment on December 31, 2004.PERFORMANCE AT-A-GLANCE200720082009Unit Case Volume(in billions)22.723.724.4200720082009Net Operating Revenues(in millions)$28,857$31,944$30,990200720082009Operating Income(in millions)$7,252$8,446$8,231200720082009Operating Cash flow(in millions)$7,150$7,571$8,1862006200720082009Total Assets(in millions)$29,963$43,269$40,519$48,671Long -Term Debt(in millions)$1,314$3,277$2,781$5,059The Comparison with PepsiCoPepsiCo is the main competitors and threats to the Coca-Cola.(Year Ended December 31, 2009)(In Millions except per share data, and no.)DESCRIPTIONSThe Coca-ColaThe PepsiCoTotal Assets

Recording technology in music

Recording technology in medication There engage been prominent advances in music technology this has led to the do of technology in music being far greater and wider spread. There has been a dramatic impact on musicianship. The music written text process is defined as the act of composing, rehearsing the moment and physically making the record, through to doing final change and mastering to perfect the arranging.The first music recording was do by Emile Berliner in 1884, this was recorded on a tin foil surface cylinder,but since and then recording technology has vastly ameliorate and editing techniques nonplus became easier and more advanced. Through the transition from recording on wax cylinder, additive immortalize, compact dish and digital cutload. These developments have had m whatsoever effects, both optimistic and oppose. There has been a lot of debate related to these developments.One of the chief(prenominal) beas in which recording technology has mod ify musicianship is that advances in recording technology, consequently the music that the end attender hears is hardy ever what the musician primarily played, as recording and editing technology advances, this is becoming more apparent, and edited songs are drifting further a charge from what the musician had performed. This idea has created a lot of controversy with the listener, as they are unsure of what the artist is receptive of, and what parts of the music have been manufactured artificially during the editing stage. realisticly passel argue that these advances are an advantage as it means that the music that they listen to is of a higher role, and has a higher musical verity and is free of performance errors, this is due to advances in technologies such as rake correction, which allows for sections in the performance that are go forth of tune to be corrected, it as well as allows for new sections of a song to be written by adjusting the put up of a single none, to give samples of a range of otherwise notes that heap then be arranged to construct new melodies for the piece. In a similar faction sections of music can now be speeded up, slowed d deliver and moved through time in order to allow a artists performance to be corrected if he or she falls out of time during in that location performance. Both of these techniques are product of improved recording technology, and a lot of listeners appreciate that music is of a higher quality and more enjoy equal to(p) to listen to.In the contrary in that location is a group of people that think these benefits in technology are a disadvantage, due to the fact that the final edited version of a piece of music that the listener hears is often extremely different to the original recording that the musician actually performed. It is besides criticized that how anyone can become a obliterate star due to the increased use of technology, which means that you dont have to have any musical bangledge o r talent as any errors that are made can now be corrected. These opinions are reflected by Neko Case who saysIm not a perfect note hitter both but Im not going to cover it up with auto tune. Everybody uses it, too. I once asked a studio guy in Toronto, How many people dont use auto tune? and he said, You and Nelly Furtado are the only two people whove never used it in here.This shows that despite people uniform Nekos protest against the use of these editing techniques they are used in roughly every piece of music nevertheless. These technologies have also disposed(p) way to new genres of computer establish music. Developments in recording technology, recording pitiable on to computer based systems has also largely effected musicianship, as now that most recording systems are computer based a lot of editing techniques are far simpler, and no edit or process is final, as all processes can be undone with the instancy of a button, where as in more conventional tape based recordi ng systems undoing processes required a lot of manual work, or may even be unachievable. An advantage of this development is that music producers are able to experiment with different edits and processes, in order to find an final result that they are satisfied with, if they try any processes that they are not clever with the piece can easily be reverted to its former state. When traditional tape recording methods where used editing involved cutting the tape up, then sticking it back together again, this means that it requires far more achievement than using a modern computer systems. When using a traditional tape system undoing edits is far more difficult, so producers may be discouraged from experimenting with edits as it would require more work. In the other hand the same factors have disadvantages, such as the fact that producers may pose edits on a traditional system that do not laboured quite right, but it may be impossible or ineffective to rectify this, these miserab le flaws would add character to the piece, which would not follow when using a modern computer systems, as any small imperfections can easily be removed without any bother. These facts or so how recording and editing require far less skill is explained by David Wiliams and cock WebsterWhen computers where large and delicate and required trained system operators, and when the first pass devices relied on complicated procedures to connect one element to another, you needed to know a great deal about technical things. This has all changed. This has given way to home recording which has enabled a lot more musicians to be able to produce there own pieces and become well cognize as home recording equipment is readily available. As recording technology has essential sound quality of recordings has improved dramatically. The initial recordings that where made on wax cylinders had a lot of hiss and crackling in the recording, a low signal to noise ratio, this made the music in the recor ding very hard to make out and the recording unpleasant to listen to, where as in modern recordings these noises have almost been eliminated. An example of this improvement in sound qualities is shown in this news article regarding new mike technology new high-performance MEMS microphones enable dramatic advancements in sound quality.This has made listening to music far more pleasant. Which has improved musicianship as it has made it easier for musicians to listen to others performances and use them as inspirations for there own pieces. This has also allowed backing tracks to be produced to help musicians learn pieces which they can use to make there performances sound more realistic when they are playing solely or in small groups. As recording technology has developed and new distribution mediums have became available, music has became more portable, more wide available, and in general a higher quality. This has improved musicianship, as it has made it easier for musicians to lis ten to others performances, and use them to motivate and inspire themselves. In general this has improved musicianship but it has also had more or less detrimental effects such as sound quality being anomic, particularly when music became digital in 1982 with the release of the compact discthat would replace the vinyl record. Many people argued that the use of digital data to represent audio led to a intemperate loss of quality in the music, as some of the sound is lost due to compression and digital sampling, which can give digital recordings a dull tone compared to the brighter tone or analogue recordings, one somebody that says this is Wayne Ellis Lee who says that vinyl has a warmer, fuller sound while CD has a digital, mechanical sound.In the contrary a digital compact disc recording can be played an infinite number of multiplication without a loss in quality, but with an analogue recording some of the quality is lost, and you get a noticeable hiss if it is played repeatedly . new(a) mp3 technology and internet downloading of music also has both positive and negative effects on musicianship. An negative effect is that due to internet downloading and accomplice to peer networks, it has became a lot easier for individuals to obtain free copies of an artists music illegally, this is grow by Mark Katz who says While there is nothing illegal about MP3 and P2P technology per se, it is illegal to download or distribute digital files of copyright recordings with-out the permission of the copyright holder.These illegal downloads mean that the artist is not get the royalties for there song that they deserve, and may be discouraged from producing there own music because it is not financially feasible for them.When music was distributed on a physical medium it was more difficult for listeners to obtain illegal copies of a recording. Consumers where also encouraged to purchase an artists product due to the fact that they where obtaining a physical copy of the son g. Where with modern music downloading the listener gets a virtual file containing the music performance, the fact that the music is not in a physical form is also an advantage, as musicians and listeners are now able to have much larger music collections. The music retailers can cite a wider selection as they are not limited by the physical space needed to store the music. In conclusion there have been many advances in recording technology that have affected musicianship, most of these developments have made in easier for musicians to record, market and improve there performances, but these developments have also produced many disadvantages for both the musician and the listener.

Financial Management of Cadbury Limited

Financial Management of Cadbury containCadbury Public Limited c bother has been a large world(prenominal) friendship in the confectionary industry. The friendship was acquired by kraft paper Foods in February 2010. Initi altogethery, the beau monde was k immediatelyn as Cadbury-Schweppes Public Limited Company before the separation of its US beverage unit which is currently known as Dr Pepper Snapple Group (Cadbury PLC, 2010, p. 5). This process was undertaken through a demerger that took place between the two firms. In 2007, the caller-up was sufficient to shutdown its factory in Keynashan.2008 saw Cadbury Public Limited Company reciprocation its Monkhill Confectionary for 58 million. As a depart, 800 employees were transferred to save them from losing their jobs. From 2009, the go with started replacing its chocolate coer with palm oil (Cadbury PLC, 2010, p.4). There was no major betterment in this strategy since it was supposed to parent taste and texture with a pertinacious term target on ontogenyd consumer demand. As all this was going on, in that respect was a general backlash from consumers. These strategies and b ar-assed strain approaches were mainly being tried out in New Zealand. later on things failed to materialize, the family was forced to revert back to its initial cocoa butter that had been the core of its business. The phoner also resolved to source for cocoa beans by using good, open and recognizable trade channels which would not be questionable. Initially, the change to palm oil had reportedly cost the company over 12 million in sales (Cadbury PLC, 2010, p. 7). In January 2010, Kraft Foods distinguishable to buyout Cadbury.Kraft Foods had made an offer to take over the company for 10.2 gazillion. This was jilted because the company considered the price as under abide byd. It was not until 2010 that a consensus was reached between the companies afterwards a hostile bid. Kraft Foods had agreed to kick in out 11 .5 billion for the atomic reactor. To make this successful, it had to borrow 7 billion (Kraft Foods, 2010, p. 8). In doing all this, the company had a vision of becoming a global confectionary leader.Kraft Foods refractory to base itself in Pennsylvania. As a matter of fact it has a controlling carry in Cadbury chocolates in the get together States. In pose more(prenominal) than(prenominal) emphasis on this partake in, the company had seen it as the best fortune to increase its securities industry access to a global trade that has been change magnitude considerably over the recent geezerhood. This takeover had been longly criticized across all divides as they saw Cadbury as a very crucial company in Britains economy (Kraft Foods, 2010, p. 4). There had been a general view that this deal was putting 30,000 jobs at risk.There was a protest on the summation of advisory fees that banks were charging in overseeing this deal. A bank owned by the governing body (RBS) was a ble to finance 84% of the deal. February 2010 saw Kraft Foods finalize the deal by securing 71% of the companys shargons (Kraft Foods, 2010, p. 3). It fell footling of its expectations of having a 75% stake that could harbor made it delist Cadbury from the striving grocery store and make it part of Kraft Foods. The company was later on able to achieve this (its targets) which led to the delisting of Cadbury from the rail line market. After this, the CEO and the pecuniary officer had to resign.DiscussionBusinessCadbury has an constituted business with operations in the United Kingdom, Ireland, Australia, New Zealand and the United states. The United Kingdom confectionary had eight factories with a staff of 3000 employees (Bradley, 2008, p. 5). In the UK some of the products it has been producing are done so under indorse like the Cadbury biscuits under the license of Burton foods.From Ireland, chocolate produced is more than 25 million (Costello, 2009, p. 4). This has been ex ported bringing in a lot of earnings. Its nominal head in the US is responsible for(p) with the manufacture of mints and gums. The companys Cadburys contain been found and sold in the country but they are construct by Hersheys. This Cadbury can mostly be found in Hersheys stores (Bradley, 2008, p. 5). In addition to these, the company has factories in both Australia and New Zealand.To make it more effective the company has been upgrading its manufacturing plant in Claremont. In a more broad perspective, the company has a capacious range of products that it has given to the market in a bid to enhance its business. In addition to these, it has its crotchety disgraces that pass on helped to generate enough revenues for the company. To cater for a large market, the company has more than 50 brands with 40 of them being more than 100 years old (MacAlister, 2009, p. 10). In the year 2004 after a decline in sales, the company was engaged in a restructuring program. To strengthen its business the company has been acquiring others to increase its market forepart.Investors and productCadbury has a large brand that has al carriages given it a strong market presence. It has a immense tale of confectionary brands that have always been introduced every year to ensure that the market has variety to choose from. This message that every year has seen a new taste of brands. In addition, the company has beverages that have a long record from 1783 (Costello, 2009, p. 14).On the other hand it has favourite brands like Bassets and Bourn vita amongst others. Cadbury worldwide is a brand name that has established itself vigorous in the market.The company trades its shares in the London stock exchange market. The last time before the company was acquired its shares were trading at 863 (Muspratt, 2009, p. 8). Its shares have been doing fountainhead in the market because of the long term strategy that had been adopted to increase its apprise. By investing in the company, i nvestors have a reason to know that their investments give grow as the company has a global presence in a wide market.Kraft Foods has a wide range of brands for the market to suit the clear-cut and diverse tastes and preferences. These brands are spread out in more than one hundred fifty-five countries that the company has a presence in (Weisenthal, 2009, p. 9). Its strong brand presence has helped to build its core business in the market. With its 50 brands, the company has been able to serve a wide market satisfactorily without any puzzles.This has been well done to ensure that everybody has a good taste. As a result, consumers have been more passionate about their brands. The company trades its shares in the New York stock exchange market. In addition to these, those who have invested in the company are given dividends as the company has a dividend yield of 4.0 (Weisenthal, 2009, p. 19). Those who wish to be part of the company are encouraged to do so as information regarding its performance is provided.Financial market environmentThis environment is responsible for an effective selling management. The two companies have had a good history in terms of their financial performance save for a a couple of(prenominal) occasions. Before the acquisition, the company (Cadbury) had started outsourcing most of its activities including marketing.Because the company has a wide global presence it has spent a lot of money in marketing activities to increase its market share. This has not been resisted at all as it has been aimed at increasing its value with investors in mind. Marketing activities have got the necessary financial support to strengthen the companys brand in the market.After acquiring Cadburys, the company (Kraft) has ensured that it engages in active marketing campaigns to strengthen its presences. The company has a wide global market that is competitive. Because of this, the management has always provided a good work out for marketing activities. T his can be well demonstrated in the TV commercials that the company has been running in disparate countries.Since the company has a presence in more than 155 countries it has ensured that its marketing is matte in every place (MacAlister, 2009, p. 15). Marketing has been done with an aim of increasing the companys market value which has helped to increase revenues. Because the company has a large financial muscle, a plenteous amount of money has been allocated to the management to ensure that its marketing activities are felt in the market.Business strategyThe two companies have had progressive gain because of good business strategies. Cadburys has had a strategy of ensuring that it has presence in incompatible markets to reach a wide base of customers (Holson, 2000, p. 9). To ensure that its manufacturing activities are not interfered with, it has plants in different countries for uninterrupted business activities.Because of a wide market, the company has ensured that it conti nues being innovative in giving customers new products every now and then to suit their divergent tastes and preferences (Weisenthal, 2009, p. 4). The company has adhered to healthy and safety practices to give itself a good name in the market. From its history it can be noted that it has introduced new products every year for continuity.Kraft Foods has been involved in a lot of research to come up with new products to increase its wide range of brands. The company has over 70 brands and this has made consumers more comfortable with their wide range became of choice (Holson, 2000, p. 2). Apart from this, the company has operations in more than 155 countries and this has enabled it to reach a wide market that it can sell its products to.It has also been involved in acquisitions to give it a wider market presence that the initial companies had. These activities have been done to enhance its financial position so that it can improve on its operations well (MacAlister, 2009, p. 5). To c apture the attention of the market well with an impact, the company has engaged in promotions to enlighten the public about its products. These promotions have made consumers more erudite about the company and its activities.Recommendations to maturate Forex strategiesWith Forex exposures, the company has been unprotected in different areas. Because the company has a wide market presence (global), it is exposed to economic, rendering and transaction Forex exposures. It can experience problems when their foreign accounts have appreciable loss. This problem can be brought about by currency devaluation and political events in different markets. It is recommendable for the company to always hold foreign currencies for the shortest time practicable before conversions to avoid such problems.The company might develop a foreign sales channel as it continues going global as part of its strategy. This implies that it will have to come up with a way of hedging against any future devaluatio n. It will need to use Forex futures to compute the future cash flows when they are denominated into the dollar as it is the globally gratifying currency for business.The new company should invest in currency exchange traded funds. This will protect it from Forex exposures with a long term approach to enhance investors value. The company has a long term strategy of increasing the value of shareholders to encourage more investments. In cases where the company feels threatened, it can sell short of the currency exchange traded funds.In addition, the company has to enhance their operational activities to develop a good Forex strategy. This means that the company must have understandably laid down responsibilities that will be reviewed by the management regularly. It will also need to have an effective Forex trading and reporting arranging as it has a global presence. To enhance this, the management has to ensure that there is effective reporting, centralized tracking and good unifo rm accounting policies in place.Data capture will also save the company from a lot of Forex exposures. This means that the accounting practices that are being utilize have to be accurate in presenting reports. On the other hand, the company must ensure that its business engages in solid data capture processes. wide policies have to be put in place supported by effective personnel as a way of ensuring sustainable Forex strategies. This means that all the policies that the company will engage in must be approved by the board before they can be used anywhere else. To enhance this, employees need to be well educated and informed. ratiocinationThe company has good prospects ahead because it has consolidated itself as a result of integrating acquisition strategy. This means that it has a high probability of attaining a wide market reach.

Employee Motivation Case Study: Specsavers

Employee Motivation Case Study Spec unlessrs finale is made up of values, beliefs, attitudes and conducts sh atomic number 18d by a group of concourse. coating indoors a organization can as wellhead be get wind as behavior s that declarations when a group arrives at a set of general unspoken as well as un write rules for playing in concert.Base on information studied the culture at Specsavers is on the whole(a) ab reveal serving throng. much(prenominal) culture quests a circumstances of interaction with customers. As part of its culture Specsavers depends on its population to ingest the highest standards of customer cargon and service. To accomplish such the organization provides a admixture of interesting job roles, as well as opportunities for c areer catchment.In culturing the organization the human creation resource department essential play a vital role in paving the musical mode forward. These roles include cast up workforce activities In doing so hum an resource personnel must(prenominal)(prenominal) catch buss are comelyly trained as to how to manage and apply resources from different ski binding farmings non just efface diversity.Creating and main(prenominal)taining systems that go forth motivate and develop individuals employed to the company. such(prenominal) move will only motivate employees to attribute their best foot forward on that pointby going the extra nautical mile where necessary or when bespeaked.Considering the tolerant of culture in place at the above menti whizzd company, providing and deploying the right mixture of skills, know directge and experience will be essential in fight backing the culture type already in place. get to and maintain relationship amidst the peck who work for and with the organization. thereby provide for the changing needs of those employed to Specsavers.Undertaking measures that will ensure proper execution of action that will promote success for all.Employees are expe ct to share Specsavers vision of providing patients with the best possible service. In realizing the companys vision forgiving resource must assist by ensuring proper training for the human resource workforce. Before sharing the companys vision one must outgrowth build full knowledge as to what are the companys. Therefore it creating a manual outlining the companys vision and objectives would be a devout fashion to separate, indeed ensure that all module is furnish with a copy. slice not incessantlyyone enjoys reading the next step for human resource would be to forces seminars explaining the document in its entirety, giving individuals a chance to voice their concerns and hold back their questions answered. With full knowledge as to the objectives and vision of the company all parties involve will be better able to embrace and realize the companys vision, thereby enhancing their personal growth as well as the companys growth.One learn factor in employee motivation and r etention is the opportunity employees want to conduct to grow and develop job and career enhancing skills. In fact, this opportunity to uphold to grow and develop by training and development is one of the roughly chief(prenominal) factors in employee motivation. Other ways of ensuring staff has the potential to carry look customer care and are motivated are progress to a bun in the oven the employee to train round opposite employees with the info learned at a seminar or training session. Offer the quantify at a department concussion or lunch to discuss the information or present the information learned to others.Expand the job to include impertinent, higher train responsibilities. issue the opportunity for the employee to cross-train in other roles and responsibilities.Assign the employee to head undertakings or teams. go out more authority for the employee to self-manage and pass on decisions.According to the all overview Specsavers depends on its people to sack out at the highest level, thus with such measures and more implemented the directors and featureers at Specsavers along with its customers will be in for a treat as it relates to customer care.While all three (3) terms are job tie in and can be observed within most organization earthwide, one should always bear in mind that there are differences amid the terms explained be gloomy.Job roles within organizations come with different levels of responsibilities. Such levels are directly related to persons expertise and training.Job description is a written declarement that defines the duties, relationships and results expected of anyone in the job. It is an overall view of what is to be do in the job. Typically it includes is a written statement that defines the duties, relationships and results expected of anyone in the job. It is an overall view of what is to be done in the job.On the other hand, job particularisedation can be deem to be a statement of employee characteristics and qualifications required for satisfactory performance of defined duties and tasks comprising a specific job or function.Technology and valet de chambre ResourcesIn todays military man information cannot be carried out beliefively without high-tech tools.Technology has obviously changed the way in which companies communicate overall. By extension technology has changed the skills that employees really need. While striveing to cope with such changes companies word wide has to in like manner ask another growing disease kn possess as globalization. Globalization simply reduces the autonomy of the nation state. Hence, provide less protection and barriers to trade earmark companies the freedom to move their jobs elsewhere in the end force companies to favour the lay off or redundancy path. As a result loyals today are threatened by globalization, technological advancement and sustainability challenges.In handling each challenge the human resource charabancs do engage a rol e to play. He or she must direct the firm in dealing with as well coping with the rapid changes. Such HRM must develop systems to ensure that their human resource is highly productive. Such a person must ensure that their way of doing things is highly adoptable. Thereby able to change quickly to suit the needs of the market thereby meet the need of their customer and at the same succession outflank their competitor.To further deal with the sudden changes HR must familiarize themselves with advance(a) devices, this while educating others employees. In the same breath use electronic intercourse to develop measures to safeguard data integrity protect customer data thereby preventing identity theft. Motivating employees to perform effectively from remote locations as well as managing IT cost and freshly developments are withal with child(p) ways of directing a firm.Raise standards The human resource manager is responsible for the establishment of standards that provide quality ma nagement guidance and quality assurance requirements for patronage. These standards allow manufacturing to receive certification for complying with ball-class standards for quality. This certification is important to have particularly if you are handling large global accounts and need for your customers to depose that your product is in compliance with set standards of quality.According to Gary Dressler Human Resource Management is a process of creating and maintaining relationship among the people who work for and with an organization. At Specsavers a lot depends on its people to drive home the highest standard in terms of customer care. In return staff members are provided with variety of interesting job roles, as well as opportunities for career development. With such culture in place at Specsavers unforesightful management and antecedeing style will have adverse face on relationship with staff thereby interfere with performance of the business.The consonance and qual ity of the team revolves around dear drawing cardship. The impact of bad attractership can turn out to be an expensive experience for the company. satisfactory lead is the driving force that pushes the members forward to the company objectives. Management must understand the strengths and weaknesses of its members or team and provide the obligate headwayment to the team.Praise and encouragement on good work has immense post to lease out the best in a person. However a short(p) leader only sees the weaknesses and uses it as a way for blaming the members which results in a low morale within the team. A team with a low morale loses interest in their tasks, leading to delay in the production of outfits. keep in the results leads to the passment of penalty, thereby eating up a capacious portion of the companys revenue.Similarly a highly de-motivated team on losing the cacoethes to work fails to come up with innovative appraisals and has a lower level of commitment to the task allotted. This has a banish impact on the productivity of the products and services. Inability to come up with imaginative and innovative ideas can lead to the loss of business, especially in knowledge industry as the customers prefer those companies which can aid to its profitability through significant brainstorms.The team leader assists the team members to identify their individual goals on the basis of their strengths and weaknesses. An individual who lacks the leadership skills fails to assess the strengths and weaknesses of his team and thus would not be able to bleed his team in attaining the goals. Absence of an effective counsel leads to ineffective magazine management. The long hours put in leads to a disruptive work- invigoration balance pitch about a high level of physical and mental stress. broad(prenominal) level of stress ends up in physical and psychological diseases, thereby making one abstain from office for days. Failure to provide the output on the pre determined date leads to the payment of huge penalties to the customers and loss of business. and then a quick recovery from this cycle is inevitable for the survival of the business entity.A poor manager has little supremacy over time management. His ineffective leadership fails to draw commitment to work resulting to long hours in the office. He overly fails to understand the individual capabilities of his members, pushing unmanageable work load on the team members. Lack of an effective communication amongst the manager and the team members, the heavy work load, and the immense dissatisfaction forces the individuals to move to another project within the same company or to resign from the company. Thus poor leadership qualities are one of the major causes for labour attrition.The importance of inductor training must not be underestimated at anytime, this as it signals the start of the relationship betwixt an employer and employee. It is during this time important standards an d patterns are set so as to enhance good behavior for the future. Inductions should develop the skills, knowledge and behavior that an organization needs. These requirements need to be defined beforehand in raise to ensure a smooth working relationship.Induction training should entails spry needs and priorities, so health and safety, facilities and conveniences should always be explained immediately. It is also important to ensure employees understand any contractual relationships they are get into into.Other aspects of such induction should focus on the organization and the job. Regarding the organization, late employees should be given(p) a structured view of the organization by receiving mission statements, structure charts and business plans. They need to know how they fit into an organization, so meetings with appropriate people and accountability charts are vital. Inductees must also be familiarized with the culture of an organization and also need to understand all relev ant rules. This way when given the job persons will hit the ground running have full understanding of what is required of him or her thereby not hampering production in any way.balance ScorecardThe map of the balanced scorecard is to implement a business system thereby translating it into a set of performance measures derived from strategic goals that allocate rewards to executives and managers based on their success at meeting or exceeding the performance measures.Balanced Scorecard enables companies to evaluated activities from various perspectives such asFinancial perspective node perspectiveProcess perspectiveInnovation perspectivehttp//t2.gstatic.com/images?q=tbnANd9GcTHWuztOjGZ5nZV8Y795LtpIiAs-NryApxcMP3HUYUFSOli2km7wQ edifice a Country Malaysias DevelopmentBuilding a Country Malaysias Development accostIn this paper, the major discussion is about the process of construct Malaysia dry land. Besides, it also includes how the Malayan people exact the rotation from sultanat e perspective until the untaught fails a classless area. Malaysia had achieved their emancipation day in the year of 1957. In these democratic countries, there are a few debonaireal parties which are organise before Malaysia gets their independence day from the British which are United Malays theme Organization (UMNO), Malaysian Chinese Association (MCA) and Indian through Malaysian Indian Congress (MIC). In that time, they are the three biggest flavourlessal parties which are occupied by the three biggest cultural in Malaysia which are Chinese, Malay and Indians. These parties are organise to compact back for the independence of our nation, Malaya which is now Malaysia. In addition, the factors which bushel the process of building our dry land, Malaysia are also being discussed in this paper. Besides, through this paper, we will also know how our prime curate builds Malaysia.Introduction31 August 1957 is a historical day in Malaysia because it is the day where Mala ysia gained its independence from British which had colonized our country for few decades. At that time, the major politic parties which consists of United Malays content Organization (UMNO), Malaysian Chinese Association (MCA) and Malaysian Indian Congress (MIC) which are being separated by their cultural and different identity. These parties had to sustain together by putting aside of their own heathenish and misunderstanding to deal with the independency of our country, Malaysia. In this way, these political parties, UMNO, MCA and MIC had create an stand society based on their own ethnic to enter in the choice to choose a leader to lead the peoples to fight for independence. On that time, Tunku Abdul Rahman, which has receive our first prime minister in Malaysia had changed the menstruum style of setting up an association of government through the election where the winning party does not have sufficient votes from the peoples to form a government. later on that, a n ew political party, the totallyiance party, is being formed later people from different ethnic done with dealing within each other. Tunku Abdul Rahman, our deceased prime minister is the leader of the Alliance party and he has won the election on that time with the agreement from UMNO, MCA and MIC where they cannot be one of the participate where the leader of the Alliance party contest. It is the first in the history in all over the world where a multi-racial together formed a political party. Malaysia, which is located in the middle of the southeasterly Asian region in the world map, is directly affected by more other factors. There are whatever of the important principles which must be examined before analyze the politics in Malaysia, for example, most of the people in Malaysia are Malay, so they are the leader in the politics. Besides, affectionate civilization and politics have a robust bond between them. In addition, culture between different religions also has many ef fect on Malaysian politics.Historical Perspective of Malaysian government activity disciplineity and PoliticsOn 16 September 1963, Malaya, Singapore, Sarawak and North Borneo (Sabah) has combined to become a union called Malaysia. All the states in Malaysia claim that they are Malaysian people and there is no any separation compared to the neighbor country such as Thailand, Indonesia and Philippines. This shows that even though Malays are the dominant in this country and they have the first priority if compared to other clan in Malaysia, they legato can tolerate and accept each other with different ethnic and races. There are few states in Malaysia which have their own Sultan which is the head of the state and even though after the federation of Malaysia, those state with the Sultan will still have their own effect. While in Sabah and Sarawak, they are given to have their own way to administrate their own states. The unity among the people from different states allowed Malaysia to change from a small country into a big country. After Malaysia has become independence in 1957, they seldom foc employ on the nation building compared to state building. But after Mahathir has hiren over the prime minister position, he promoted a manifestation East policy which gives the first priority to the east. Besides, he also makes Malaysia to tell as an Islamic state and the government is ruling the country with a right view.The Transformation from sultanate nationality to nation buildingMalays, who are the dominant in Malaysia, are divided into few groups because of different states and ethnic and they are the main subjects when defining the nation building in Malaysia. Besides, they are strongly influenced by the loyalty, the Sultan and the King except for those who full of lifes in Penang, Singapore and Malacca. These three states do not have any Sultan or King, so, they have to pay their loyalty to who govern the states. There are some divisions of the states in Ma laysia which are Pahang, Selangor, Negeri Sembilan and Perak is called Negeri-negeri Melayu Bersekutu, while Kedah, Kelantan, Perlis, Johor and Terengganu are called as Negeri-negeri Tidak Bersekutu. While for Penang, Singapore and Malacca which do not have any Sultanate or King are called Negeri-negeri Selat. All this separation had created some arguments which have affected the nation building.UMNO and Malayan joint in 1946UMNO, a party which united all the Malay association from the Peninsula to fight for the proposal of Malayan Union by the effort of a Johor Malay leader, Dato Onn Jaafar. Malayan Union is to unite all the Malays and non-malays to create an rival citizenship. Besides, Malayan Union also has a new idea which is to supersede the traditional leaders, Sultanate, with a Governor. But, the Malays, who claim themselves as a Bumiputera reject this idea because they think that this might harm their identity and leadership of the Malay itself. In addition, they also rej ected the concept that created by the British. Due to the strong power from the Malay dominant, the British colonial power to realize that they will not have any chances to win the support of the Malay communities through the rejection. After that Persekutuan Tanah Melayu was formed to replaced Malayan Union which is led by Dato Onn Jaafar.Nation Building and State Building under Tunku Abdul RahmanTunku Abdul Rahman is the first leaders who balance the races and ethnicity between three major communities. He is the first leaders who gain the trust of all the communities in Malaysia at that time. Furthermore, the compromises between the leaders of different communities towards the power politics also under controlled. In Malaysia, the power politics are used to ensure that the multi spectral-custom society is able to govern without any revolution which will cause chaos. Besides, it is also important that the nation building ethnic and the race in a country is stabilizing because it w ill cause harm if the racial ethnic balance is being neglected. During the general election in May 1969, Tunku Abdul Rahman has made a toleration with the sensitive issues which involves religious and racial. Besides, Tunku Abdul Rahman and Tun Razak also realized that agreement between the communities is the most important to ensure the peace of Malaysia. In September 1970, Tunku Abdul Razak replaced Tunku Abdul Rahman as the second prime minister in Malaysia. While in 1971, our second prime minister, Tunku Abdul Razak introduced a new policy, Dasar Ekonomi Baru. The purpose of this policy is to abolish the famine, to make equality to the socio-economic and abolish the erudition of the race towards the economic function. In addition, he is the first who formed the Barisan National to take over the Alliance Party which has become a strong party at that time. Until today, our Malaysia Government retains this strong national resilience to make sure the stability of the politic in ou r country. Besides, he also succeeds in building a good diplomatic relationship between the other countries. Due to the diplomatic relationship with China, it improves the position of Chinese ethnic in Malaysia which they can go to China anytime they wanted to. When our fourth prime minister, Tun Dr. Mahathir led our country, it is the best performance in Malaysia where all the sectors shows a good result.Malaysia as a Fundamental Moderate Islamic Country Malaysia, is it an Islamic or Secular State?When our first prime minister led Malaysia, he ever verbalise that Malaysia has an official religion which is Islam. But this statement has brought more troubles to Malaysia because the others who are non-Muslims and even for the Muslims also unsatisfied with this statement. Some even verbalize that this is an anti-Islamic and causes the Muslims to separate into few different groups which are extreme, moderate and liberal. Many questions have been asked according to that statement and thus ca use the worldwide politics become a complicated and molds harm to Islam. Malaysia, which is mostly dominated by Muslims, some of the parties like Pan Malayan Islamic Party (PMIP or PAS) take this opportunity to obtain their support in the election by using Islam as their center. They even use this to influence their supporters that UMNO and BN are the parties who will bring harms to Islam in their campaigns. Besides, they even develop a slogan Membangun Bersama Islam to announce hudood as a part of Islamic law and uses this to win over the votes from the Muslim supporter.Malaysia and TerrorismDr. Mahathir has clarified the misunderstanding by some of the peoples on Islam in BBC interview due to some people call the Muslims as a terrorist. This has caused Malaysia has been prejudiced by other country due to this kind of statement. But, they do not know the truth which our country, Malaysia, is the only one multi-racial country who wins against the terrorism. Besides, Malaysi a uses its democratic system to won against the communism after World state of war II. Tunku Abdul Rahman, who was the leader of Malaysia at that time, also stated that he has prepared to fight against the terrorism rather than staying there doing nothing and he also encourage the people to fight for it. After that, the spirit of fight against the terrorism has influenced many other countries and thus, Malaysia has become the role model. In addition, Malaysia also shows to the outside world that they can live peacefully and harmony in one country with multi-racial and urge the world community to stop hurting each other. Unfortunately, some other people who misunderstand Dr. Mahathir who encourage the people in the world not to fight with each other like copying what Osama Ben pixilated said. This caused the unlike people think that we are only acting to the world towards the terrorism but actually we are supporting it. It is bad to say our country like this because we are really a multi-racial who can live peacefully with each other, tolerate and accept different culture between us. But fortunately Mahathir shown to the world by forming the GERAKAN which is represent by Muslim and non-Muslim.Fundamental Islamic CountryWhen Malaysia firstly announces our country as a fundamental based Islamic country, this news shocked all the Malays especially the PAS. Besides, Mahathir also said that whoever does not support the government parties will definitely go to hell after they died. It has frightens a lot of people. In addition, Mahathir also wanted to get rid of PAS because he thinks that most of the Malay will support PAS just because of their ideology. In addition, he also said that when building a country, development is more important than punishment and he said that he dislikes using weapon to rule the country. Furthermore, the non-Muslims know that the announcement given by Mahathir will not bring any harm to them because they have faith with Mahathir that he will course Malaysia towards a good future. unconstipated the UMNO in Penang, which is a politic party based by Malay, was also run by a Chinese leader. This can show that the harmony between the multi-racial in our country where they can accept each other.Malaysia and Mahathir as an Agent of Change Malaysian State Building at the season of the Globalized WorldDr. Mahathir, Malaysia fourth prime minister stated that globalization mover that it is a world without any border but does not misbegot every(prenominal)thing named globalization is a good thing and must be well prepared if anything bad is happen, an action is needed to be taken. Malaysia is developing well under the lead of Dr. Mahathir and he never give up to guide Malaysia towards a better future. Besides, he also never loses direction when Malaysia is go about crisis. In addition, he also encourages the people to maintain a good relationship with their neighbors country. By this way, just can bring a lot of ben efit to us while contribute to the deliverance of our country. Furthermore, Dr. Mahathir also realize that the global effects might bring negative effect to our country, so he hopes that this kind of effect can be minimize.Malaysian Ways Role Models in Handling the Financial CrisisWhen Dr. Mahathir gilded back the crisis that happened in 1969, he said that all the community should cooperate together to ensure that the crisis will not happened again. He also run aground an effective ways to reduce the divergence between different races and try to abolish the famine among the community. While dealing with the crisis of economic in Malaysia, he also facing the disturbance of the politic which caused by the other politic party who opposes the Barisan Nasional. But, Dr. Mahathir is good at dealing with the crisis. He was able to see to it an effective ways to handle the crisis by develop a new strategy to rebuild the economic in Malaysia. He also ever said that Malaysia is a business country where they trade and buy. This is how the economic in Malaysia grow. Besides, we also need the investment by the foreign country and maintain a good relationship with others country. When Dato Mustapa Mohamed work as our second finance minister, he bring our country saving back to the right footprint and thus Malaysia have an excellent achievement on that time. While in 1997, our country faces the crisis of notes but, Dr. Mahathir had decide to find ways to fix the currency exchange rates to save our country from financial crisis. A strategy has been developed to maintain the currency of our country. After the new strategy started, there is a change in Malaysia economic. Then they even build National Economic Action Council (NEAC) to give them some advice on the economic caper faced by our country. With the help of NEAC, some movements have been taken to exploit the crisis. Besides, the government also takes some action to control the currency from being flowing out to o much from our country. But fortunately this control is just for a while and the share market of our currency has back to normal and the investment from the foreign country is not affected. Many people invest in our country because our currency is in a set rate at most of the time and this is a good thing. Furthermore, the way how our country control the flow of our currency has also been recognized and used by the global financial system because it is unexpectedly a good way to solve the financial crisis and thus causing other foreign country to look high on our fourth prime minister, Dr. Mahathir. Meanwhile, some of the investor from western quit from invest on our market and luckily that time China stepped in and lend us a hand. A year has passed and our country has finally revived from financial crisis and many foreign countries started to accept the way how our Dr. Mahathir deals with the financial crisis. After a few years, Bank Negara Malaysia showed that the economy in our country has improved and our currency is now acceptable by the foreign country. This means that Malaysia finally survived from the financial crisis with the help of our prime minister, Dr. Mahathir. demonstrationAs a conclusion, the way how our ministers build our country and save our country from many kind of crisis is a history and it should be remembered by every Malaysian. Without those leaders, our country will not have a better life like nowadays with how they fight for our independence from colony of British and save us from crisis. They had shown to the world how a leader should be like and the capability which must have in a leader. Without the leaders, our country, Malaysia will not become a strong country which brings a lot of contribution to the world. Besides, all kind of challenges which faced by our country has become our experience to make us a better country and try to maintain a good relationship between the multi-racial.